temporary exponents of human rights, and also because the respect of democratic India for these human rights was for so many years a beacon light for all newly independent and developing countries. "Experience shows that when human rights are suppressed anywhere they are threatened everywhere, and that the longer they are suppressed the longer it takes to restore them. We therefore call for the restoration of these rights in India." SIGNERS LISTED Those who signed the appeal are: Ashe, Arthur Jr., tennis champion, Baez, Joan, pacifist, folk singer, Baldwin, Roger N., honorary preisdent, International League for the Rights of Man, Barth, Alan, author, "The Price of Liberty," Bell, Dr. Daniel, professor of sociology, Harvard University, Celler, Emanuel, former chairman, Judiciary Committee, House of Representatives; author of India Immigration and Naturalization Act, Chomsky, Dr. Noam, professor of modern languages and linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Clark, Ramsey, former Attorney General of the United States, Cohen, Dr. Bernard S., professor of anthropology, University of Chicago, Day, Dorothy, co-founder of The Catholic Worker, Dumpson, James R., former president, National Conference on Social Welfare and former Human Resources Administrator, New York City, Eckaus, Dr. Richard S., professor of economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Eckaus, Risha, artist, Ellison, Ralph, author, teacher, Fairbank, Dr. John K., professor of history, Harvard University, Farmer, James, founder, CORE; Freedom Ride, 1961. Frankel, Francine, associate professor of political science, University of Pennsylvania, author of "India's Green Revolution," Franklin, George S., Jr., foreign policy organization official. Freemantle, Anne, writer, Frankel, Dr. Charles, professor of philosophy and public affairs, Columbia University and former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations, Ginsberg, Allen, poet, Grant, Frances R., secretary general, Inter-American Association for Democracy and Freedom. Harrington, the Rev. Donald Szantho, senior minister, Community Church, N.Y., Harrington, Michael, professor of political science, Queens College, Heginbotham, Dr. Stanley J., associate professor of political science, Columbia University. Hertzberg, Dr. Hazel W., associate professor of history and education, Teachers College, Columbia University; former editor, "India Today," Hertzberg, Sidney, former United States correspondent for The Hindustan Times, New Delhi, Howe, Irving, professor of English, City University of New York. Ilchman, Dr. Warren F., dean, College of Liberal Arts, Graduate School, Boston University, Isaacs, Harold R., professor of political science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; author, "Scratches on Our Minds, American Images of China and India." Jack, Dr. Homer A., secretary general, World Conference on Religion and Peace; Editor, "The Gandhi Reader," Jessup, Dr. Philip C., former judge, International Court of Justice, Kilson, Dr. Martin, professor of government, Harvard University, Kurtz, Dr. Paul, professor of philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo; editor, The Humanist, Lash, Joseph P., author, Lerner, Max, author, Levi, Dr. Werner, professor of history, University of Hawaii, Lifton, Betty Jean, writer, Lifton, Dr. Robert Jay, professor of psychiatry, Yale University, Luria, Salvador E., Nobel laureate in medicine 1969 and institute professor at Marriott, Dr. McKim, professor of anthropology and social sciences, University of Chicago; editor, "Village India," McNickle, Dr. D'Arcy, Director, Center for American Indian History, Newberry Library, Chicago. Mehta, Ved, author, "Portrait of India," Morris, Dr. Ivan, professor of Japanese, Columbia University; chairman, Amnesty International (U.S.A.), Mumford, Lewis, author, Noguchi, Isamu, sculptor, Norman, Dorothy, editor, "Nehru-The First 60 Years," O'Hare, Joseph A., S. J., editor-in-chief, America, Park, Dr. Richard L., professor of political science, University of Michigan; author, "India's Political System," Parton, Margaret, former India correspondent, The New York Herald Tribune; author, "The Leaf and the Flame," Pauling, Dr. Linus C., Nobel laureate in chemistry, 1954; Nobel Peace Prize, 1962, Peretz, Martin, editor, The New Republic, Pickus. Robert, president, World Without War Council, Plastrik, Dr. Stanley, professor of history, City University of New York, Power, Dr. Paul F., professor of political science, University of Cincinnati; editor and co-author, "Meanings of Gandhi," Randolph, A. Philip, retired president, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and former vice president of the A.F.L.-C.I.O., Reich, Charles A., author. Roche, Dr. John P., professor of civilization and foreign affairs, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Rose, Dr. Leo, professor of political science, University of California, Berkeley. Rosenthal, Dr. Donald, professor of political science, State University of Now York at Buffalo, Rukeyser, Muriel, poet; president of American P.E.N., Rustin, Bayard, president, A. Philip Randolph Institute; civil rights activist, Samuelson, Dr. Paul A., professor of economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Nobel laureate in economics, 1970, Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., Albert Schweitzer professor in the humanities, City University of New York, Schell, Jonathan, author, Schomer, Dr. Howard, world issues secretary, United Church Board for World Ministries, Shanker, Albert, president, United Federation of Teachers, Singer, Dr. Milton, professor of anthropology and social sciences, University of Chicago; co-editor and contributor, "Structure and Change in Indian Society," Smih, Dr. Donald E., professor of political science, University of Pennsylvania, Spock, Dr. Benjamin, author and pacifist, Stone, I. F., author, Updike, John, author, Wald, Dr. George, professor of biology, Harvard University; Nobel laureate in physiology, 1967, Wallace, Dr. Paul, associate professor of political science, University of Missouri, Weiner, Dr. Myron, chairman, department of political science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: author, "State Politics in India," Wilkins, Roy, executive director, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Willard, Marian, gallery director, Wofford, Clare, co-author, "India Afire," Wofford, Harris, president, Bryn Mawr College, Wriggins Dr. W. Howard, professor of political science, Columbia University. Wurf, Jerry, president, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. Instead of observing her tenth anniversary as India's Prime Minister by lifting some of the repressive measures she imposed last June, Indira Gandhi has expanded and tightened her grip on the country. An obedient Congress Party majority in the lower house of Parliament has voted to postpone the national elections that should be held next month, press censorship has been made permanent and Mrs. Gandhi's regime has taken control of Tamil Nadu, dismissing that state's freely elected Government. Rigid press censorship was decreed with Mrs. Gandhi's state-of-emergency proclamation last June 27; but the new legislation imposed permanent controls more drastic than those invoked even during India's wars with Pakistan and China or during British rule. Prohibited under the bill is any article or picture "likely to bring into hatred or contempt or excite disaffection toward the Government," and also any item that could be judged "defamatory" to the Prime Minister or other high officials. Perhaps the most insidious provision of all is a flat ban on any judicial review of actions decreed under the press bill. This not only enormously increases the hazards for any independent journalistic spirits but further cripples India's once-independent judiciary, which has already been barred from any jurisdiction over the Prime Minister and other authorities. A companion bill removes the freedom of newspapers to publish proceedings of Parliament without fear of legal action. By taking over Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras), on grounds that the state government was encouraging secession, Mrs. Gandhi left only one of India's 22 states-Gujarat-still in control of an opposition party. Until recently, she had cited to critics the existence of opposition regimes in the two states as proof that India was still a democratic country. Postponement of the elections-legal under the Constitution during a state of emergency but unprecedented in 28 years of Indian independence was decided on, according to the Government, because of the continuing presence of "forces that want to subvert and destroy democracy." Regrettably, the main force now contributing to the destruction of India's democracy is the imperious woman who serves as Prime Minister. 11976 by the New York Times Co. Reprinted by permission. APPENDIX 2 LETTER TO PRIME MINISTER GANDHI FROM HANS EHRENSTRALE, DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL (LONDON) AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, London, England, April 30, 1976. Her Excellency Mrs. INDIRA GANDHI, Office of the Prime Minister, New Delhi, India YOUR EXCELLENCY: On June 26, 1976 it will be one year since the President of India declared a national emergency. Amnesty International understands that in June 1975 the Government of India believed it was facing an exceptional situation which threatened the life of the nation, and that the emergency measures it subsequently took, though they severely curtailed civil liberties, were seen by the authorities as allowable under the constitution. However, while the economic reforms contained in the "20 point program" announced by the Indian government immediately after the emergency declaration have been widely approved, amendments to the constitution and legal enactments have been introduced which limit civil rights to a degree far greater than that regarded as in accordance with international legal norms. Amnesty International recalls with respect that Indian representatives at the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 were strong advocates of the then draft Universal Declaration of Human Rights. More recently, in 1975, a representative of India was Acting Chairman of the Fifth United Nations Congress for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, when the Congress adopted the draft declaration on the protection of all persons from torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In view of the prominent role which India has played in the field of human rights promotion and protection, we feel encouraged to present to you some questions which arise from those measures now in force to restrict human rights in terms of the June 1975 emergency, and which, as you know, reflect deep concern internationally. In raising these questions, Amnesty International is motivated only by its statutes, which direct the organization to work for the observance of the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The strict censorship which has been in force since June 1975 has limited the free flow of information about events in India. We are therefore writing to you to clarify whether the human rights position, as it has been reported to us and set out below, is correct. Amnesty International would welcome the opportunity to discuss these points with government officials. As long ago as July 16, 1975, we wrote to the Minister of Foreign Affairs proposing that an Amnesty International delegation should visit India in order to obtain accurate and first hand information from government officials about the context, scope and duration of the measures taken to curtail individual freedom since June 1975. 1. SUSPENSION OF SPECIFIC CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS Amnesty International seeks the Government's views regarding its program to re-instate constitutional safeguards for civil rights. In the days following the emergency declaration, the President suspended the right of citizens to apply to the courts for the enforcement of those fundamental rights preserved by the constitution, which guarantee equality before the law (article 14), protect the life and property of citizens (article 21), protect citizens against arrest and detention without being informed of the ground for arrest (article 22) and require arresting authorities to produce persons before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest (article 22). In January 1976, the President suspended further the rights of freedom of speech and expression, and the (214) right of peaceful assembly and association, laid down in article 19 of the constitution. Censorship of the press was introduced at the time of the emergency. If this is an accurate assessment, the suspension of fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian constitution appears to contravene those international legal norms which are contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To take one example, article 9 of the Declaration provides that no person should be subjected to arbitrary arrest and detention. 2. NUMBER OF DETAINED PERSONS Amnesty International would appreciate receiving statistics describing the total of prisoners detained without trial in the various states, as well as statistics of the government's release program. We would welcome any information as to whether the nature of the reports cited above is correct. While we understand that very large numbers of prisoners have been arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act and the Defence of India Rules since the emergency declaration, Amnesty International welcomes public assurances by government officials that many have been released; as an example, on August 23, 1975 the Information Minister stated that a number of prisoners had been arrested on purely political grounds, that the total number of these arrests did not exceed 10,000, and that one third had been released. In another instance, in the state of Maharashtra, the Chief Minister stated on November 17, 1975 that of the original 13,500 arrested, 3,000 persons remained in detention under MISA and article 151 of the Criminal Procedural Code. However, reports of large scale arrest continue to reach Amnesty International. According to recent information, some thousands were arrested and detained (often for a relatively short period) for taking part in a satyagraha program at the end of 1975. 16,000 persons were reportedly arrested early in January for participating in strikes against the recently introduced Bonus Act. The fall of the Tamil Nadu government in January was followed by reports that thousands were arrested in the state after imposition of presidential rule. To our knowledge, no comprehensive figures for the total number of political arrests have been officially issued since the emergency declaration, nor has it been possible to obtain these from other reliable sources because of censorship restrictions. Although some reports have put the number of arrests as high as 200,000, from figures published in the various states, it seems realistic to accept, minimally, that at least 40,000 persons are now detained without trial in connection with the emergency. Amnesty International is particularly concerned about the high proportion who have now been held without trial since June and July 1975. We are told that they include 59 members of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha and the state legislatures of opposition parties and the Congress Party, as well as some of India's most prominent politicians who took a leading part in the independence movement. Amnesty International was particularly concerned by reports that some of these, including former Deputy Prime Minister Morarji Desai, are kept in isolation from other prisoners. If these reports are correct, we believe that their continued detention without trial is incompatible with the terms of article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 3. LEGAL RIGHTS OF DETAINEES If our understanding of the present situation is correct, we believe that the constitution and the laws have been amended to allow indefinite untried detention and to deny the fundamental right of habeas corpus. We would welcome precise information about the government's plans to charge and bring to court all those presently held in preventive detention. The June 29 Amendment Ordinance to the Maintenance of Security Act (MISA) removed a detainee's right to be informed of the grounds for his arrest. While detention is initially for 12 months, it may be extended on expiry of that period. Existing safeguards for a periodic review by an independent Advisory Board were replaced by a four-monthly review by a government body. The second amendment to MISA specifies that no appeals against detention can be made in any court of law. Also, the provisions under the Criminal Procedural Code concerning absconders were made applicable to persons wanted for arrest under MISA who failed to surrender themselves. Both ordinances were then replaced by a bill of the same name, and became law on July 29, 1975. Parliament has also passed a bill amending the Defence of India Act, extending its provisions |