struggle of dogmatism to limit knowledge. But another phase of the same warfare is the desire of organized conservatism to limit action. Just as science goes over into action, so does dogmatism pass over into suppression. The struggle for democracy, the rise of the common man, is therefore part of the same great conflict for human freedom.

The effort to control action.

The desire of dogmatism to control action is in its essence the desire to save men from their own folly. The great historic churches have existed "for the benefit of the weak and the poor." By their observances they have stimulated the spirit of devotion. By their commands they have protected men from unwise action. By their condemnations they have saved men from the grasp of vice and crime.

But the control of action by an institution is irksome to the man who thinks for himself. Whoever thinks for himself must act for himself. He is no longer subject to "sealed orders," even though their origin be divine. And the command "to work out his own salvation," in such way as he may, is fatal to his salvation through the means provided by the Church.

The passing of institutions.

As it is natural that man should create the Church out of his own need for it, so is it natural that he should rebel against its control when he shall need it no longer. Individual freedom is the goal of intellectual progress. It is "that far-off divine event toward which the whole creation moves." It is, therefore, in the highest degree natural, and to call it supernatural is to say the same thing, that man should cast off the fetters of traditional sanction as the sanction of higher wisdom arises to take its place.

INDEX.

Algebraic expression of heredity, 124. Articles of scientific faith, 346.

Astrosphere, 154.

Attention, 274.

Attraction sphere, 151.

Australia, animal plagues of, 202.

Australian realm, 199.
Authority, 356.

Bacteria, reproduction of, 163.
Bactrites, 243.

Baculites, 245, 250.

Lagehot on nonsense, 291.

Baird on variations of birds, 214.
Balanoglossus, 107.

Balfour on belief, 334, 336.

on doubt of realities, 354.
Barbara on goblins, 354.
Barrande on trilobites, 239.
Barriers to diffusion, 196.

to distribution, 206.

Barry on larva of sea urchins, 237.
Battle of the parts, 27.

Baur, origin of mammals. 230.
Beagle, voyage of the, 16.

Beauty as a weapon of defence, 318.
of young girls, 318.

Bohun, lineage of, 142.
Borderland dwellers, 290.
Borderlanders, 290.

Borderland of spirit, 274, 340.
Boveri, on centrosome, 151.

on cleavage of chromatin, 185-187,
189.

on development of egg cells, 184.
on fertilization of egg, 173.

on generation of egg cells, 159.
Blood relationship, 48.
Blue blood, 128, 144.

Bosanquet, on essence of prayer, 61.
Boyesen, on evolution, 53.
Branchiata, 112.

Branco, on ammonites, 246.
on larval ammonites, 251.
Brauer, on development of sperm
cells, 184.

Brewer, on continued starvation, 112.
Brooks, on brachiopods, 238.

on heredity, 125, 126.
Brother Jonathan, lineage of, 145.
Brown-Séquard, on mutilations, 115.
Brücke, on structure and life, 104.

Beecher on evolution of brachiopods, Bruno, burning of, 376.

bearer of hereditary influences, 185. Coral reefs, centre of life, 225.

Complex components in develop- Crustacea, evolution of, 239.