be traced back through pauper lineage to dependent classes in the Old World. It takes many generations to Misfortune, sickness, intemperold age, often lead to poverty Personal causes do not lead to

found a pauper stock. ance, the weakness of and personal misery.

hereditary pauperism. The essential danger of unrestricted immigration is not in bringing in an alien population strange to our language and customs. Language and customs count for little if the blood is good. The children learn our language, even to the forgetting of their own. Love of our country is just as genuine in Norwegian or German dialects as it is in English or Irish. There is little danger either in violent opinions or iconoclastic theories. The red flag of anarchy will not long wave where real oppression does not exist.

But the immigration of poverty, degradation, and disease make government by the people more and more difficult. Every family of "Jukes" and "Ishmaels" which enter at Castle Garden carries with it the germs of pauperism and crime. They bear the leprosy and crime of the Old World to taint the fields of the New. The "assisted immigration" at Jamestown years ago has left its trail of pauperism and crime from Virginia across Carolina, Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri, even to California, Oregon, and Hawaii. Wherever its blight has gone there are the same inefficient men, sickly women, frowsy children, starved horses, barking cur dogs, carelessness, vindictiveness, and neglect of decency.

Withdrawal from the competition of life, withdrawal from self-helpful activity, aided by the voluntary or involuntary assistance from others these factors have made that which McCulloch calls "the tribe of Ishmael." These conditions bring about the same results in all ages and among all races, among the lower animals as well as among men. The same effects of simi

lar causes are seen in the decline of royalty and nobility of Europe as well as the degradation of European cretins and thieves. There is no development without activity, and no race is so perfect that judicious weeding out could not improve it.

What can be done to remedy this source of evil? To know the evil is to go half way toward its cure. Penal reform, charities reform, civil-service reform, the prohibition of pauper immigration, education in social science-all these look in the direction of cure. In knowledge lies the surest remedy for most social and

Taking away the "freedom which is

thraldom to sin."

political evils. Let us see our enemy face to face and we can strike him. What more can be done is the work of students of social science to determine. Dr. Amos G. Warner has well said that the "true function of charity is to restore to usefulness those who are temporarily unfit, and to allow those unfit from heredity to become extinct with as little pain as possible." Sooner or later the last duty will not be less important and pressing than the first. Good blood as well as free schools and free environment is essential to the making of a nation.

be traced back through pauper lineage to dependent classes in the Old World. It takes many generations to found a pauper stock. Misfortune, sickness, intemperance, the weakness of old age, often lead to poverty and personal misery. Personal causes do not lead to hereditary pauperism. The essential danger of unrestricted immigration is not in bringing in an alien population strange to our language and customs. Language and customs count for little if the blood is good. The children learn our language, even to the forgetting of their own. Love of our country is just as genuine in Norwegian or German dialects as it is in English or Irish. There is little danger either in violent opinions or iconoclastic theories. The red flag of anarchy will not long wave where real oppression does not exist.

But the immigration of poverty, degradation, and disease make government by the people more and more difficult. Every family of "Jukes" and "Ishmaels' which enter at Castle Garden carries with it the germs of pauperism and crime. They bear the leprosy and crime of the Old World to taint the fields of the New. The "assisted immigration" at Jamestown years ago has left its trail of pauperism and crime from Virginia across Carolina, Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri, even to California, Oregon, and Hawaii. Wherever its blight has gone there are the same inefficient men, sickly women, frowsy children, starved horses, barking cur dogs, carelessness, vindictiveness, and neglect of decency.

Withdrawal from the competition of life, withdrawal from self-helpful activity, aided by the voluntary or involuntary assistance from others-these factors have made that which McCulloch calls "the tribe of Ishmael." These conditions bring about the same results in all ages and among all races, among the lower animals as well as among men. The same effects of simi

lar causes are seen in the decline of royalty and nobility of Europe as well as the degradation of European cretins and thieves. There is no development without activity, and no race is so perfect that judicious weeding out could not improve it.

Taking away the "freedom which is

In

What can be done to remedy this source of evil? To know the evil is to go half way toward its cure. Penal reform, charities reform, civil-service reform, the prohibition of pauper immigration, education in social science-all these look in the direction of cure. knowledge lies the surest remedy for most social and political evils. Let us see our enemy face to face and we can strike him. What more can be done is the work of students of social science to determine. Dr. Amos G. Warner has well said that the "true function of charity is to restore to usefulness those who are temporarily unfit, and to allow those unfit from heredity to become extinct with as little pain as possible." Sooner or later the last duty will not be less important and pressing than the first. Good blood as well as free schools and free environment is essential to the making of a nation.

thraldom to sin."

XIII.

THE WOMAN OF EVOLUTION AND THE WOMAN OF PESSIMISM.

Primary meaning of sex.

THE primary function of sex is the production of variation. Unlikeness among organisms makes possible an increased number. With variety of qualities there is room for variety in adaptation to the possible conditions of life. With single parentage or parthenogenesis the young will resemble the parent so exactly that the competition one with another must be of the closest possible kind. In the degree that competition is close it must be destructive. With double parentage no organism can be a slavish copy of any other. Each creation must in the nature of things have twice as many ancestors as either parent had, and from these ancestors the mosaic of its hereditary character must be made up.

In the beginning of life, so far as we know, the two sexes must have been identical. From the point of view of evolution neither can be superior nor prior to the other. Each is complementary to the other; the differences which have arisen in the progress of development being responses to the needs of Primal equality division of labour.

of sexes.

The cells of Protozoa which unite in the function of conjugation are apparently alike as to Their union serves to modify the hereditary char

sex.