Figs. 30 to 40. Plans, sections, and elevations in perspective, of a cottage with the requisite accommodations for a labourer and four children, on one floor; and for a cow, pigs, ducks, hens, pigeons, and bees, in the out-offices.

Fig. 30. a, The kitchen or living-room; the floor of tiles, or paved; in the ceiling, nearly over the hearth, a trap-door to the loft, which, in summer, may be partially opened to promote ventilation, there being a false flue in the chimney for that purpose, which will hereafter be described.

b, A small parlour, with a fire-place and boarded floor; as it will receive a good deal of heat from the kitchen fire, it will seldom require a fire made on purpose for it. It ought to have a small ventilator in the ceiling, near the stack of chimneys, communicating with the false or air flue, for summer use. C, Family bedroom; the floor of tiles, or paved, of the same material as that of the kitchen.

d, Bedroom for girls; the floor boarded.

e, Bedroom for boys; the floor boarded. There may be a door in the partition between these small rooms, which it may be convenient in some cases to use instead of the door between the girls' bedroom and the family bed

room.

f, Water-closet for the mother, girls, and females, supplied by water as to be hereafter described.

The basin may be of brown earthenware or of cast iron, so as to cost very little; the door ought to open inwards, and the small window outwards, so that every movement of the door may act as a ventilator. The basins of both closets communicate with an earthen pipe, which empties itself into the reservoir of the cesspools for liquid manure. The liquid manure thus gained will be of so much value to the garden, as alone, independently of cleanliness and decency, to justify the expense of two closets, and both of these water-closets.

g, Tool-house, and man and boys' water-closet, with an opening to the loft for ventilation: supplied with water from the same source as the other water-closet.

h, Cowhouse, with a post and trough for food in one corner, and a loft for hay and straw over; this loft may be got at through a trap-door, by the use of a common ladder.

i, House for fuel, lumber, or for various other purposes, such as roots or other food for the cow and pigs. In cases where the cottager grows corn, it may be made his barn; and if it were desired to have this barn larger, it could easily be made so, by projecting the whole lean-to 2 or 3 ft. farther from the main body of the house.

k, Place for ducks or geese, with a small poultry-stair or ladder to henloft over ƒ and g. This loft ought to be lined with straw on the top and sides, in order to keep the poultry warm in winter and cool in summer.

1, Cistern for receiving half of the water which falls on the roof. Considering it to be desirable that every cottager should be perfectly independent in respect of water, and also that rain-water is the purest of all water, we propose, in every case, to collect the water which falls on his dwelling; to filter and preserve one part of it, in a tank, for cookery purposes; and to preserve the other part unfiltered, in this cistern and in a large tank below it, for the purposes of the water-closets ƒ and g, for the use of the cow and pigs, washing and cleaning, and the garden. It is calculated by Waistell that the average quantity of water which falls on a square yard of surface in Britain, in a year, is 126 gallons, which for this building, containing upwards of 100 square yards of roof, will give 12,600 gallons; an ample quantity for the purposes mentioned. A cottage constructed on this principle, therefore, may be set down in any situation, without reference to a natural supply of water. The cistern / may be of cast-iron; or of five slabs grooved into each other, and made water-tight with Roman cement; or of five plates of Welsh slate, or of 24 large flat paving tiles set in cement; or it may be made of wood, plastered inside with cement, or of bricks sent in cement, and plastered within with the same material; or it may be simply an old cask. However constructed, it must have a waste-pipe, which, when the cistern is full, will flow over into the tank or well below, shown in fig 33. This well or tank is to be considered as the grand reservoir of the premises; and if there should be a natural spring in it, so much the better. Should the culinary or filtering tank fail at any time, water may be drawn from this tank, and introduced into the filtering tank.

m, A pump, which ought to be one of Siebe's rotatory pumps (Gard Mag., vol. v. p. 545.), and arranged so that, in addition to the common uses of a pump, the water can at pleasure be raised from the tank below into the cistern above. Siebe's pump is particularly adapted for this purpose: it costs no more than a common pump, and is much less likely to go out of order. n, The open yard, which should have a gentle inclination from all sides towards the dungpit (p).

o, Pigsty, with a rubbing-post in the open area or feeding-place.

Two old barrels, for pigs' food, will require to be placed under cover; and where they can be kept from freezing in winter, and from being extremely hot in summer." One of these ought to be filling while the other is emptying, and the contents should not be made use of before ferment. ation has commenced (see p. 171.). The fuel-house (2) will be a very good situation for these tubs in summer, and a corner of the cow-house (h) in winter.

4, Shed for faggot-wood. o, p, and q, may be roofed with one lean-to or pavilion roof of uniform height and width; or if corn is grown by the cottager, then, instead of a roof of slates, tiles, &c., may be substituted a floor of joists of the same width as required for the roof; and on this floor may be laid, first, a layer of faggots, and on these built the corn or hay as a stack or stacks, and thatched in the usual manner. This would save the expense of tiles or slates, and also the ground that would otherwise be requisite as a rick-stand.

rr, Two cesspools for liquid manure, i. e. for all the drainings of the open yard after they have passed through the dungpit (p), for the water of the two closets, and from the sink to be described under fig. 31. (r), including soapsuds and all waste or foul water made on the premises.

As it is found advantageous that this liquid manure should undergo fermentation, no less than pigs' food, before it is used, two cesspools become necessary, and also an arrangement by which the supplies from the different sources can be turned into either cesspool at pleasure. This is to be effected by the plug-hole s, 3 ft. deep, the sides of which are built of brick or stone, and the bottom formed of one stone containing two holes, each 3 in. diameter; the left-hand hole communicating with the left-hand cesspool, and the right-hand with the other. A plug, with a handle 4 or 5 ft. long, is to be used for stopping the communication with the cesspool which is filled or under. going fermentation; and as these pools are alternately filled and emptied, the plug can be removed from the one hole in the regulating well to the other. These pools are placed without the open yard, in the supposed garden, for the greater convenience of emptying them.

The platform on which the house stands, or appears to stand, and which will be better understood by referring to figs. 36. and 40., is level on the entrance front (tt), and on the other fronts or sides it forms inclined planes, for the sake of easy ascent and descent to the out-offices or to the garden : the inclined plane commences at u and ends at v.

The platform is 5 ft. broad, and includes a border of 1 ft. for wall trees and flowers next the house, and a margin of 1 ft., which should be of turf on the outer edge, leaving a walk between of 5 ft., which ought to be gravelled. The exterior sides of the platform (w) may have different degrees of slope, according to the nature of the soil and the culture or application of the platform. For a loamy soil, where the platform is to be covered with turf, with a furze or a box hedge about 2 ft. high along its upper angle, the slope may be 45°; where a loamy soil is to be cultivated as a flower-border, the slope may be from 30 to 350; a sandy soil should have a still greater slope. Where stones are abundant, the slope may be formed into rockwork, with a small hedge at top, or a dwarf wall, or a row of rough stones. Along the upper edge of the slope, in the line of the small hedge, we should recommend, in almost every case, some standard fruit trees to be planted; in order that their roots might bring into use the soil accumulated in the platform, and their tops the vacant space, speaking with reference to vegetation, over the roof of the house. In some situations, it might be worth while to form a rough trellis over the roof, and at about a foot above the roof, and on this trellis to train either apples, pears, plums, or vines; in severe climates, ivy, for the sake of retaining heat in winter. On the side walls of the cottage we would have fruit trees or vines, together with ever-flowering roses, honeysuckles, clematis, white and yellow (J. frùticans) jasmine, Chimonanthus fràgrans, and Wistaria Consequàna.

The platform may be ascended from the garden, either by the inclined plane (v) leading to the out-offices; by a similar inclined plane directly in front; or by steps (y). The descent to the cellar is by 6 or 7 steps (z).

The platform may be ascended from the garden, either by the inclined plane (u v) leading to the out-offices; by a similar inclined plane directly in front; or by steps (y). The descent to the cellar is by 6 or 7 steps (2). Fig. 31. Plan of the Cellar Floor, Heating Flue, and Foundations.

a, Steps of descent. If the front of such a porch were to any other quarter than the south-east, the porch should be larger with an exterior door; if it fronted the south-west, the entrance to the porch ought to be on its south side, for the sake of protection from the weather.

b, Apartment serving as a back-kitchen, wash-house, brew-house, bake house, &c., as well as for boiling or scalding food for the cow, pigs, and poultry.

c, Store cellar for potatoes, beer, home-made wines, salt meat, and similar articles of permanent provision.

d, Milk-house and pantry; in the farther corner in the ceiling ought to be a small grated opening, communicating with the vacuity in the wall, to promote ventilation; the exterior window ought to be of wire or hair cloth,

e, Copper for brewing, washing, &c., unless a copper pot or iron box is fixed over the oven, when a separate copper becomes unnecessary.

f, Oven for baking, and also for heating the floor of the living-room and family bedroom.

The courses of this flue are so contrived that the covers, supposing them to be one-foot tiles, will form the floor of the two rooms which it heats. The flues may be of any convenient depth exceeding 18 in., their sides built of brick on edge not plastered, and the intervals between the flues filled up with loose stones or rough gravel. If the flues are made deep, which in some cases may be found cheaper than preparing a raised solid basis on which to build shallow flues, then the side walls may be tied together by brick-on-edge work (h), and the foundation of the partition wall, which separates the family bedroom from the kitchen will contribute to the same end. To equalise the heat given out by the flue, and to prevent the kitchen floor from being too hot where the flue proceeds from the oven, a double covering is there shown, with a vacuity of 6 in. between the under cover and the floor, from the oven f to g; a section of which may be seen in fig. S2. at g As faggots are intended to be burnt in the oven, the soot produced will be very trifling; but the flues may be cleaned once a year by taking up a tile at each end of the different courses of the flue. A little reflection will convince any one of the immense superiority of this mode of beating the air of a room over any other whatever. By open fire-places, by stoves, steam-pipes, or waterpipes, unless indeed these are in the floor, and, by heated air, the coldest stratum of air is always found immediately on the floor, where, for the sake of the feet and legs, the air ought to be hottest; by the method of under-ground fues the lowest stratum is necessarily the hottest, which must be preferable for the feet and legs of grown persons, and for the whole bodies of little children. The heat being diffused over the whole surface of the floor, must contribute greatly to the equality of the temperature throughout the apartment, and the mass of loose stones will continue

to give out heat for a day or two, according to the season of the year, after every time that the oven is heated. The heat from the floor, in its ascent to the roof, will warm whatever it meets with; but this is not the case with either raised stoves or open fires. In heating by open fires or common stoves, the heat ascends directly to the ceiling, and is there in a great measure wasted as far as it respects the bodies of the persons in the apartment; but by this mode the ceiling will not in general be hotter than the floor. Except when there is a fire in the oven, its door must be kept perfectly close, and a damper in the upright flue, to be afterwards mentioned, nearly so. Over the oven, and as a cover to it, instead of brickwork, might be placed, or built in, a castiron box or iron pot for heating water, as shown by the dotted lines in the plan fig. 31., and by k in fig. 32. The upper surface of this box or pot might form a part of the kitchen floor, as in fig. 39.; and might have a properly secured flat lid on that side, to admit of putting in and taking out water: or the box might be entirely buried in masonry, as in fig. 32., and in that case a part of it should project from the wall into the back kitchen, and should have a lid to open, for the purpose of filling and cleaning out, and a cock (1) for the purpose of drawing off the water. If this box were 2 ft. or 24 ft. square, and 9 in. or 10 in. deep, it would supersede the necessity of the copper (fig. 31. e), and in summer, when the heat of the flue was not wanted, a damper withdrawn would admit the smoke to ascend directly to the chimney top.

A family with a pot or box of this kind over their oven, the box or pot either opening only from the kitchen above, or both from above and from the back kitchen, would, throughout the year, scarcely require any other fire than what was made in the oven; all their roasting and baking would be done in the oven, and all their boiling in the pot or box over it. As it might not be always convenient or desirable to boil the large box or pot full of water, there might be a well of 6 in. diameter and 9 in. deep cast in its bottom, and the small quantity of water which this well would contain would be boiled with very little fuel; for tea, or any similar purpose, a tin jug of water might be set in among the water in the well, which would keep the former perfectly pure. A very small quantity of fuel consumed in such an oven will have a powerful effect in heating the water above it, from the difficulty of the heat escaping by the sides. Water might easily be drawn out of this well, or out of the box or pot when in common use, from the upper kitchen, without stooping, by a soude (Gard. Mag., vol. v. p. 656.) with a long handle One half of the water which falls on the roof of the building, we have before stated, is proposed to be conducted into the cistern (), for general purposes; the remaining half we propose to conduct into a tank, thence to pass through a filtering stratum into a reservoir, for culinary use.

m, The receiving tank, which, in addition to the pipe from the roof, has another pipe from the inside with a funnel, into which to pour a supply for filtration, from the pump (fig. 30. m), in times of great drought, or at any time when the culinary reservoir was exhausted.

n, Waste pipe from this tank, communicating with the drain pipe.

o, Drain pipe, communicating with the well of the cesspools. (s in fig. 30.) p, Filtering tank, consisting of sand and charcoal, placed on a bottom raised 4 in. from the bottom of the receiving tank.

The filter, including the false bottom of slate pierced with holes, and the top a thin plate of filtering stone, is 1 ft. in thickness; the water ascends through it, and then runs off into the reser voir tank, so that the operation of filtering cannot go on unless there is a depth of at least 1 ft. 6 in. of water in the receiving tank. There is a large cock or hole, stopped with a plug, near the bottom of the receiving tank, by opening which, when the reserve tank is full, the filtered water will rush backwards through the filter, and thus free it from impurities. There are several advantages attending this arrangement, which we shall not stop at present to point out.

9, Receiving tank for the filtered water, communicating by a cock with the sink r, and the sink having a stink-trap (of which there is a cheap and excellent sort in earthenware, by Peake of Tunstall), connected with a waste pipes, which joins the drain pipe o.

t, Foundations of the outbuildings, shown in fig. 30. by f g h i k land m.

u, Tank, or well of water for general purposes, and for supplying the filtering tank in times of extraordinary drought.

Fig. 32. section on the line & Hin Fig. 31. to show the depth of the flues; the double cover and vacuity between the covers at g; the castiron box of hot water, k; the cock for emptying it, ; the small lid for 10 Ft. filling it, m; the oven, n; the copper, o; the natural surface of the

ground, p; and the surface of the platform, q. Fig. 33. Section on the line I K of Fig. 30.

a, Natural surface of the ground.

b, Surface of the platform.

c, Level of the foundations of the cellar.

d, Foundations of the other walls.

e, Foundation of the oven.

f, Foundation of the partition wall between the living-room and family bedroom.

h, Siebe's pump, with an ascending pipe into the general cistern.

i, Cistern for the water-closets.

k, Place for ducks or geese beneath.

1, Hen-house, with tool-house and man's watercloset under.

m, Family bedroom.