Evolution by Atrophy in Biology and Sociology

adaptation adult ancestral stages animals antheridia appear appendages aquatic arches assimilating atrophy Atrophy from lack become useless biology blade branches branchial branchial arches Bruges ceased cells chlorophyll collective property colony completely corporations Court Crustacea custom degeneration degenerative evolution digits disappeared embryo endopodite epipod examples exhibit existence exopodite female flowers foliage leaves formed function hypopod individual instance institutions kind land larvæ larval lateral Lathyrus Aphaca leaf leaflets limbs lost male mammals marriage ment mesonephros modern modifications normal nutrition original pairs persist petiole phalanges pineal eye pistil plants possess posterior primitive produced progressive evolution prothallus protonema protopodite reappear reduced regarded remain represent result retina retracing rudimentary leaves rudimentary organs seedling segment sepal slow-worm social societies sociology species spines stamens stem stipules stomata structure suppressed survival tendrils thalamencephalon tion traces transformation vertebrae vertebral column vertebrates vestiges Viollet