instances where a combination of harsh consonants necessarily requires the ed always to be articulated as a syllable; and except also in Sacred Scripture, portions of which should be read in a very solemn manner, the propriety of supplying the place of the e with an apostrophe is exceedingly questionable. In many recent publications, therefore, the mark of elision has been thrown aside in regard to such words, and a grave accent placed on the e in those only which are lengthened for the sake of the rhythm; as will be seen in the following lines: Some writers, however, prefer to mark the additional syllable by an acute accent or a diæresis on the vowel; as, mailed or brightened. But, as the acute accent is sometimes used in poetry to point out a change in the true accentuation of a word, -as aspect, instead of áspect, - and the diæresis to separate in pronunciation two vowels coming together, as Danaë, it would be better to appropriate in verse the grave accent to the lengthening of words ending in ed. h. In the preceding paragraph, we have endeavored to show the inutility of substituting the apostrophe for an e, in the termination ed, when pronounced in union with a preceding syllable. It may, however, be proper to admit, that many respectable authors and printers adopt a middle course in reference to the words under consideration. They always retain the e in the imperfect tense and perfect participle of those verbs whose infinitive ends in that letter, but in poetry use an apostrophe in the same forms of verbs, when the infinitive terminates with a consonant; as, "to grieve, grieved; to gain, gain'd." They also, as a matter of course, reject as useless the accent in such a word as numberèd, when the ed forms an additional syllable; the e being retained as an exception to their general rule, in order to show that the ed does not coalesce with the preceding syllable. The mode of using the vowel and the apostrophe, here adverted to, is exemplified in the following lines: Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appear'd, To carry nature lengths unknown before, To give a Milton birth, ask'd ages more. i. Though but indirectly connected with punctuation, it may be remarked, that some of the past participles, having the termination ed, are in verse frequently written or printed with a t, as in the words blest, drest, dreamt; and this mode of spelling, though not analogical, is by no means unpleasant to the eye. In prose, however, when participles having both terminations occur, it is better to adopt that which is more usual; being, to speak generally, the regular form, ed. ORAL EXERCISES. State the reason given in the Rule for inserting an apostrophe in the words thus marked, and read them both in the elided and the full form: 'Mid such a heavenly scene as this, death is an empty name. That lesson in my memory I'll treasure up with care. I might have lived, and 'joyed immortal bliss. 'Mongst horrid shapes, and shrieks, and sights unholy. Let me thy voice betimes i'the morning hear. Night stretches forth her leaden sceptre o'er a slumbering world. E'en with the tender tear which nature sheds o'er those we love. Tie up the knocker; say I'm sick,· I'm dead. Go to, I'll no more of't: it hath made me mad. If that thou be'st a Roman, take it forth. Or in some hollowed seat, 'gainst which the big waves beat. A mingled air: 'twas sad by fits, by starts 'twas wild. You've pulled my bell as if you'd jerk it off the wire. Of herself survey she takes, but 'tween men no difference makes. For 'twixt the hours of twelve and one, methought I heard him shriek. Show how the insertion or the omission of apostrophes in certain words, occurring in these portions of verse, is borne out by the preceding Remarks : — Strike till the last armed foe expires! Here Edwin and his Emma oft would stray, The toiling ploughman drives his thirsty teams Though darkness o'er a slumbering world And all is bright below. Unthinking, idle, wild, and young, I laughed and talked, and danced and sung; Serenity broods o'er my mind; For I daily pray to Heaven, That, when the hour of death arrives, But come, thou goddess fair and free, To ivy-crowned Bacchus bore. Oh! when my friend and I Sweet murmuring, methought the shrill-tongued thrush Of dress. Oh! then, the longest summer's day Had not imparted half: 'twas happiness Too exquisite to last. Of joys departed, Not to return, how painful the remembrance! EXERCISE TO BE WRITTEN. Insert the apostrophe wherever necessary; and mark a grave accent on the vowel in ED in verse, when pronounced as an additional syllable: — As Yorkshire Humphrey, tother day, Oer London Bridge was stumping That forked flash, that pealing crash, At once they sprang With haste aloft, and, peering bright, For who but He that arched the skies That, set in silver, gleams within? Oer Idalia's velvet green the rosy-crowned Loves are seen. Now, brothers, bending oer the accursed loom, From seventeen years till now, almost fourscore, Then lighted from his gorgeous throne; for now Approach, and read (for thou canst read) the lay Thou rather, with thy sharp and sulphurous bolt, A bearded man, Armed to the teeth art thou: one mailed hand Blest be the day I scaped the wrangling crew Who, to the enraptured heart and ear and eye, It gazes on those glazed eyes, it hearkens for a breath; RULE II. The Genitive or Possessive Case. The apostrophe is used to distinguish the possessive case of nouns; which is usually formed in the singular number by adding to the nominative an s, with an apostrophe before it, and in the plural by simply annexing this mark. EXAMPLES. 1. What majesty attends Night's lovely queen! REMARK S. a. The apostrophe is sometimes used in the singular number without the additional s, when the nominative ends in s, ss, ce, or x; as, "Moses' rod," "for righteousness' sake," "for conscience' sake," "the administratrix' sale." This mode of punctuation holds good chiefly in proper names having a foreign termination, and in such common nouns as are seldom used in the plural, - - an exception to the rule of forming the possessive singular, which is founded on the propriety of modifying the disagreeable nature of the hissing sound. b. Recourse, however, should not be had to the principle laid down in the preceding remark, when its adoption would cause ambiguity, or when the addition of the s is not offensive to a refined ear. For instance, the Italic words in the phrases, "Burns's Poems," "James's book," "Thomas's cloak," "the fox's tail," though they contain the hissing sound, are not particularly unpleasant, and are far more analogical and significant than the abbreviated forms, "Burns' Poems," ," "James' book," "Thomas' cloak," "the fox' tail." c. We have no doubt that the distinctions here suggested are important, and accord with the genius of the English language; but in poetry none but the author himself should change the form of the possessive, whether written with or without the annexed s, as, unless the whole line were recast, such an alteration would probably mar the harmony of the verse. Even in prose, a printer should not take the liberty of changing the form of a possessive, without the consent of the author; this matter being yet a subject on which there is a difference of opinion among literary men. |