Hámu-duruvó (see "Sidat-Sangaráwa," p. 160,) is derived from himi, which comes from swámi. It does not sustain, as stated by Mr. Stark the "combined sense of master and instructor;" for it is never used towards a lay instructor, although it is peculiarly the appellation of the last of the triad of Buddhism, the priesthood. Yet the priest does not obtain it in his capacity of "master" or "instructor: " it is given to him owing to his peculiar sanctity," as one of the three gems of adoration and worship.' Following the practice of the Buddhists in this respect, the Sinhalese Roman Catholics apply this term to their priests.

The designation of a "teacher" is qui, from o‘honour,' 'respect.' 'veneration'; and in that sense it is also applied to a parent, It is used with the affix sod and so, when greater honor is intended; yet it is a curious fact, that the same word ගුරු when used with the affix න්නැහේ, as ගුරුන් 201009 conveys the idea of an instructor of mean or low extraction.

Before entering upon an investigation of the terms applied to the Buddhist priesthood, of which Mr. Stark has treated in different parts of his essay already referred to, I shall here remark that Mudali, from whence we derive Mudiyanse or "Mudaliyár," is of Tamil origin, and means chief' or 'principal.' Amongst the Kandyans Mudiyansé is not unfrequent as an agnomen; and they, like the Tamils of India, assume it without any authority from the Crown. The maritime natives, however, obtain it formally by an act or warrant from the Governor. In this respect the British Government follows the example of their predecessors, the Dutch and the Portuguese.

*"Of those who have no fixed habitation, the priests, the Pasé Buddhas, and the su reme Buddhas, are the chief."-Spence Hardy's Translations from Buddhist Scriptures."

"The father who performs the ceremonies on conception and the like, according to aw, and who nourishes the child with his first rice, has the epithet of guru or venerable,'"- Institutes of Manu I, § 142.

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The Mudaliyárs or Chiefs are of two classes, we or of the Royal Palace or Household,' (usually called "the Gate," after the Portuguese who gave it the appellation of Porte, from a misapprehension of the Sinhalese word De, which also means. 'door' or 'gate') and oor 'Provincial Chiefs.' There were originally two other classes, which are known as the Royal Equerry,' and or the Ecclesiastical chiefs. To these may be added a fifth class-food or 'the District Chiefs,'* Under each were placed different subordinate headmen, called Muhandirama, Vidána-Arachchi, Arachchi, Kangáni and Vidáne. The last is derived from the word 'commanding,' or 'ordering' and means, as Clough defines it, "the person who conveys the orders of Government to the people." Over all the headmen is placed a Maha Mudaliyár, the Maha Nilame of the Kandyans, or 'the greatest of the chief.' If any person, whether titled or untitled, can trace his descent to a Mudaliyar, he is said to be of the Mudali péruwa, the correct interpretation of which is, 'of the class of Chiefs,' rather than "the titled class," as rendered by Mr. Armour.

Besides the ranks and titles which the natives obtain from the Crown, there is also a class to which particular individuals are entitled by reason of birth or position. Of these we may mention Gamarála,† equal to a "County squire" in England, but not held in the same estimation in Ceylon. He is however of the highest caste (Vellála,) and one who in point of wealth has a competency for his subsistence. Appuhámi "is the rank of a gentleman,' of the highest class of the

For a tolerably correct description of the duties of the chiefs of the Maritime Province, see Colombo Journal, 1832, p. 262.

✦ This title is rendered E∞ɔ Gammudaliya, 'the chief of the village in a Sinhalese version of the tale of the King Adahasmuka.

Mention is made of the election of Gamarálas under the provisions of the Paddy Lands Irrigation Ordinance;' see Proclamation in the Government Gazette of the 24th July 1858.

Vellálas" who anciently enjoyed certain privileges which are now denied to them; and Appu that of the plebeian, equal in its application to "Mister." As honorary terms of address by which persons of different castes are distinguished, I may mention Handuruwá, confined to “Vellálas "; Naide to "Smiths"; Hénaya to "Washermen"; Ridi to "Washerwomen"; Méstri to "Barbers"; Mahabadda to “Cháliyas"; Batgamayá to "Paduwas"; Nękati to "Tomtom-beaters"; Wahumpurayá to "Jaggerers," &c. &c. Whilst the above are mere honorary designations of different castes, there are others which are used as terms of affection and endearment to persons of low-castes; as for instance, Héna Mámâ, "Uncle Héna” to a Washerman; Ridi Nendá, “Aunt Ridi” to a Washerwoman, Vaḍurála, "Master Carpenter" to a Carpenter; &c. &c.

There are also certain terms of respectful designation by which persons of different trades are distinguished, as for instance Mandaḍirála, among Karáwas, 'for the man in charge. of a part of a fishing net, called manda'; Hannedirála 'the owner of the fishing boat,' or 'the chief of the fishing band.' Formerly Moormen composed the class of people who were generally employed as Masters of trading vessels; and they received, in the sence of Tindal, the appellation of Marakkalayó, a term now applied to others who perform the same office, and also to the Head Moorman.

Whilst the above are the ranks and titles of address of maritime native Sinhalese, those of Kandyans appear to be different, with some exceptions which are Kórála, Mohottála, Arachchila, Lékama, and Vidáne; and, says Mr. Justice Stark in reference to them :

T

"The above, amely, the Adigar, Disáva, and Ratémahatmaya, were the principal officers under the Sinhalese Government; and in the convention of 1815 entered into after the conquest of Kandy by the English, for the cessation of hostilities and the settlement of this country by a formal declaration of the po" er and principles of the new Government, they are mentioned or alluded to as the princip 1 chiefs of the Kandyan Provinces, and the Mohottála, Kórála, Vidána and others, the subordinate headmen from the Provinces."

To the above may be added Basnayaka and the Diva Nilame (the word Nilame,* ‘Officer' alone being sometimes used as a term of address to a titled person), which are amongst the titles of chiefs; and Atukórála, Arachchila, Vidána, amongst those of petty headmen. I have already alluded to Banda, and the original acceptation of the term. I need only here refer to it, to shew that it is now assumed by every Kandyan of the Vellala caste, in the same manner that the appellation of Appuhámi is affixed to the name of every maritime Vellála (and frequently of Karáwas) without distinction, and contrary to the original usage, by which only a gentleman was entitled to it.

I cannot close my remarks on this part of the subject, without attracting attention to a mistake into which Mr. Stark has fallen, in common with a number of European writers, who consider the maritime natives to be distinct from the Kandyans, whom alone they regard as "the Sinhalese, strictly so called." Mr. Stark remarks:

"The Kandyan or hill country is distinguished from the lower or maritime districts, by the same name, Sinhalé; and the town of Kandy is Maha nuwara the Megalo-polis or great city,' the Metropolis. These names are easily accounted for, but they are recorded as given."

Now, the Kandyans, like all highlanders, are certainly dis tinguishable from the Maritime Natives. From the salubrious air which they inhale amidst their upland hills, the Kandyans are braver and more hardy than the people of other provinces. The independence which they enjoyed until comparatively a short time ago, has tended also to elevate their general bearing over that of the people of the Southern and Western Provinces. They have preserved too, their religion and language without suffering much from the various colonial influences to which the low-landers have been subjected for three and a half centuries. The latter, by the change of their religion, occupations,

This, when affixed to Maha, is used to signify an Adigar, or the Maha Mudaliyar.

and habits, may have slightly lost the distinct peculiarities which originally characterized the entire Sinhalese nation; yet the differences in these respects no more render necessary a distinction in their nationality, than do the accidents of birthplace, or other circumstances, which enable us to distinguish an Englishman of Northumberland from another of Middlesex or Yorkshire, or a native of Galle from one born in Colombo. The difference, however, which has been drawn by Mr. Justice Stark, has arisen from a misapprehension of a single circumstance. It is this. When a part of Ceylon fell into the hands of the Portuguese, and the Sinhalese Court was removed from Kótté to Kandy, that part of the Sinhala-dwipa which was retained by the Sinhalese, was called Sinhale (the appellation by which the Kandyan Provinces are known to this day,) as contradistinguished from the territory of the Portuguese. The distinction therefore, was one of territory, not of nationality. It was employed to determine the jurisdiction of the Sinhalese Government from the possessions of the Portuguese. As the Kandyan Provinces alone (which were retained by the Sinhalese) became thus universally known as Sinhale, a misapprehension of its cause and origin led Europeans to distinguish the Maritime Sinhalese from their Kandyan neighbours, both of whom are descended from the same stock, speak the same language, are subject to the same habits, and are possessed of nearly the same feelings. Hence the distinction to which reference is made.

There is however one distinction, in respect to their names, which I may notice here. The low country Sinhalese have more names than their Kandyan countrymen. Whilst the gé-nama or 'family name,' the bat-kavana-nama, 'the household term of endearment'-usually given on the occasion of giving food to a child for the first time, which is celebrated by a festival, and the patabendi-nama, or the name which is assumed on obtaining office,' are the same in both countries: yet the names which distinguish the Kandyan from the Maritime