IN AND INTO. Use the preposition "into" (not "in") after a verb of motion, or after a verb that indicates a change from one condition to another. In the examples that follow, notice the difference in the use of "in" and "into." 1. "Westward, westward Hiawatha Thus departed Hiawatha, In the glory of the sunset, In the purple mists of evening." HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, Hiawatha. 2. "Then it happened that little Gerda stepped through the great gate into the wide hall." ANDERSEN, The Snow Queen. 3. "When the next year came, the Snail lay almost in the same spot, in the sunshine under the Rose Tree, which again bore buds that blossomed into roses.' ANDERSEN, The Snail and the Rose Tree. PUNCTUATION. Parenthetical expressions should be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas; see above, "as I have good reason to believe" (I. Ex. 2). Rules for Punctuation, IV. 9, Lesson XLIII. The comma is used before a speech or quotation when this is informally introduced into the midst of a sentence, or when it is short and not introduced by some formal expression (IV. Ex. 1). See examples under Rules for Punctuation, VIII. 3, Lesson XLVII. The use of the colon in IV. Ex. 2, implies some formal word of introduction, such as "we cried." In the case of adverbial expressions, such as "also,” "then," "however," or any other expression used as a connective at the beginning or elsewhere in the sentence, the closeness of connection must determine whether these expressions should or should not be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. For instance, in the passages quoted above, "also," "then" (I. Ex. 2, II. Ex. 2), are so closely connected with the main thought that they are not set off; while "however" and "then" (II. Ex. 3, IV. Ex. 1) are set off by commas. In the examples that follow (Lesson V.) notice when the connectives are set off. See Rules for Punctuation, IV. 12, Lesson XLIII. The exclamation point should be put after an interjection or any other part of speech used in exclamation; see above, "hist!" (IV. Ex. 2). A word in the vocative case, with its modifiers, should be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas, as above, “blessed barrier" (II. Ex. 1), "Perseus" (IV. Ex. 1), "Margaret" (IV. Ex. 2), unless it is used in exclamation, when an exclamation point of course takes the place of the comma after it. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. LESSON V. KIND AND SORT. I. "Kind" and "sort" have the same meaning, but "kind" is used in preference to "sort" when the preposition "of" follows the noun. Avoid the superfluous "a" after "kind of," "sort of." Write "this kind of book," not, "this kind of a book." EXAMPLES. 1. King. "And 'tis a kind of good deed to say well; And yet words are no deeds." SHAKESPEARE, King Henry VIII., Act iii. Sc. 2. 2. "His wife had been looking on, and it being nearly twilight, was wonderstruck to observe how the snowchild gleamed and sparkled, and how she seemed to shed a glow all round about her; when driven into the corner, she positively glistened like a star! It was a frosty kind of brightness, too, like that of an icicle in the moonlight." HAWTHORNE, The Snow Image. 3. "Gradually the night fell blacker; it was all I could do to guide myself even roughly toward my destination; the double hill behind me . . . loomed faint and fainter, the stars were few and pale. . . . Suddenly a kind of brightness fell about me." ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, Treasure Island, Chap. xxvii. 4. "The Law of the Jungle-which is by far the oldest law in the world-has arranged for almost every kind of accident that may befall the jungle people." RUDYARD KIPLING, The Second Jungle Book, How Fear Came. 5. "Bellerophon was delighted with this kind of life, and would have liked nothing better than to live always in the same way, aloft in the clear atmosphere; for it was always sunny weather up there, however cheerless and rainy it might be in the lower region." A Wonder-Book, The Chimæra. 6. "I flatter myself that few biographers have entered upon such a work as this independent of literary abilities, in which I am not vain enough to compare myself with some great names who have gone before me in this kind of work." JAMES BOSWELL, Life of Samuel Johnson, Vol. I. Chap. i. 7. Richard Plantagenet. of Mortimer, "Here dies the dusky torch Choked with ambition of the meaner sort." King Henry VI., Pt. I. ii. 5. 8. Flavius. "Go, go, good countrymen, and for this fault, Assemble all the poor men of your sort; Draw them to Tiber banks, and weep your tears Do kiss the most exalted shores of all." Julius Cæsar, I. 1. II. Use a singular adjective with "kind" or "sort" in the singular. Sometimes there is confusion where "kind" or "sort" is placed before a plural noun instead of after it, as in the example below; that is, "these kind of books" is incorrectly written for "this kind of books." Remember it is with "kind," not with the plural noun, that the demonstrative adjective "that" or "this" must agree. C 9. "Now books of this kind have been written in all ages by their greatest men; by great leaders, great statesmen, and great thinkers." JOHN RUSKIN, Sesame and Lilies, Lecture I. PUNCTUATION. There should be a comma between the title of a play and the reference to act and scene, but no comma between the act and scene (Ex. 1). Acts are referred to in Roman numerals; scenes, either in Arabic or in small Roman numerals. It is not necessary to use the words "act" and "scene"; the numerals may stand alone (Ex. 7, Ex. 8). There should be a comma between the title of a book and the reference to volume or chapter, etc.1 (Ex. 3, Ex. 6, Ex. 9), but no comma between volume and chapter (Ex. 6). Notice the abbreviated forms in the references above; i.e.2 Vol. for Volume, Chap. for Chapter, Pt. for Part, Sc. for Scene. The semicolon should be used as above before as, viz., i.e., e.g., and other such words or abbreviations introducing a series of examples or an explanation. Sometimes the word of introduction is understood and the semicolon stands alone (II. Ex. 9). Parenthetical expressions are usually set off by commas (see Rules for Punctuation, IV. 9, Lesson XLIII.), but dashes are sometimes used instead of commas (Ex. 4). The semicolon may be used to separate clauses when 1"Etc." is an abbreviation of the two Latin words et and cetera, meaning and other things of the same kind. 2 The letters i.e. are used as abbreviations of the two Latin words id est, meaning that is. |