3. Prospero. "Dear, they durst not, So dear the love my people bore me." The Tempest, II. 1. I.e. "The love [was] so dear that," etc. II. "So" used alone to express admiration. "Sweet day, so calm, so cool, so bright." GEORGE HERBERT, The Temple, lxiii., Virtue. III. "So" (adverb) is used also with the meaning thus, in this manner, in like manner, likewise. 1. "A well-brought-up duck turns its toes quite1 out, just like father and mother, so!" 2. ANDERSEN, The Ugly Duckling. "Judge me then by what I am, So shalt thou find me fairest." Enone. 3. "Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore, So do our minutes hasten to their end." 4. SHAKESPEARE, Sonnet XLI. “I know thee well; an earl thou art, Lord Percy; so am I." The Ballad of Chevy Chase. AS AND LIKE. Both these words express similarity. "As" (conjunction) must be followed by a verb, expressed or understood; "like" (adjective) is followed by the objective case.2 9966 1 Notice that the meaning of the word "quite " is "totally,' completely." It is often used in conversation to mean "to a certain extent"; this use of the word does not, however, prevail in literary English. 2 This is because the preposition "to" (in old English "unto "), formerly used, is still implied after the adjective "like," and the word that follows is in reality the object of the preposition. In old English the preposition was expressed, as we see from the first examples. EXAMPLES. 1. "And there was a rainbow round about the throne in sight like unto an emerald." 2. Apocalypse iv. 3. "... O flattering glass, Like to my followers in prosperity Thou dost beguile me." King Richard II., iv. 1. 3. "Her successor, like her in perfection of beauty, though less in endurance of dominion, is still left for our beholding, a ghost upon the sands of the sea." RUSKIN, The Stones of Venice. 4. "And there, farther1 on, just under the bank, fits, in short, low flights, the gorgeous kingfisher, its magnificent plumage of scarlet and blue flashing in the sun, like the glories of some tropical bird." MARY RUSSELL MITFORD, Our Village. 5. "There they live like the old Robin Hood of England. They say many young gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet the time carelessly as they did in the golden world." As You Like It, I. 1. 666 6. "Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea?"" "Why, as men do a-land; the great ones eat up the little ones." IZAAK WALTON, The Compleat Angler. 1 Distinguish carefully between the two words "farther" and "further." "Farther" is used in referring to actual distance, as above; "further," in referring to that which is an addition to, or an advance upon, a preceding thought; e.g. "How I have thought of this and of these times, I shall recount hereafter; for this present, I would not, so with love I might entreat you, Julius Cæsar, I. 2. The same distinction exists between "farther" and "further" when adjectives as when adverbs. 7. "If I come drest like a village maid I am but as my fortunes are." Lady Clare. 8. Cassius. "I was born free as Cæsar; so were you." Julius Cæsar, I. 2. I.e. "as Cæsar" [was born]. 9. "To freedom we call you as freemen, not slaves." DAVID GARRICK, Hearts of Oak. I.e. "as [we call] freemen," or, "as [we should if you were] freemen." LESSON XXXV. CONNECTIVES: CONJUNCTIONS. Be careful not to use conjunctions without regard to their exact meaning. I. Use "and," "or," and "nor" (i.e. "and not"), when you intend merely to continue or to add to the thought which has gone before. EXAMPLES. 1. "And he would have been glad to hear more and more, and forever." The Story without an End, translated from the German of F. W. Carové, by Sarah Austin. 2. King Henry. "By Jove, I am not covetous for gold, Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost; But if it be a sin to covet honour, I am the most offending soul alive." King Henry V., iv. 3. 3. Portia. ". . . But now I was the lord Of this fair mansion; master of my servants, And I am blown along a wandering wind." II. Use "but," "yet," "though," "although," and "when" and "while" meaning "although," between two expressions only when these are in contrast to each other, or when the second expression introduces an idea which we should not naturally expect to follow. Use "when" and "while" denoting circumstance or time to introduce clauses that define circumstance or time. EXAMPLES. 1. "Fair flower, hemmed in snows, and white as they, But hardier far, once more I see thee bend." 1 Sometimes, as here, in two words or clauses connected merely by and, the idea of contrast or of consequence is implied without being suggested by any word of reference. 2 Sometimes and is used in addition to one of the other conjunctions, as here, without affecting its force. 4. King Henry. "More will I do; Though all that I can do is nothing worth, King Henry V., iv. 1. 5. "On these two sweet English girls, bright with the radiance of youth and love, the mind delights to linger, and does so with happiness, while sadness haunts the recollection of Shakspere's first great girl-figure, Juliet, beautiful in different kind." EDWARD DOWDEN, Shakspere (of Perdita and Miranda). 6. He persisted in repeating the question, when he knew that I would not answer him. 7. "Sometimes, also, when the ice was covered with shallow puddles, I saw a double shadow of myself, one standing on the head of the other, one on the ice, the other on the trees or hill-side." HENRY D. THOREAU, Walden. 8. "We talked of rude and simple times, when men sat about large fires in cold, bracing weather." Ibid. 9. "Even while the party were looking at it, the flower continued to shrivel up, till it became as dry and fragile as when the doctor had first thrown it into the vase." Twice-Told Tales, Dr. Heidegger's Experiment. III. Use "because" and "for" only to introduce an explanation or a reason; use "as" and "since" to introduce an explanation or a reason, or to define time. 1" As may also be used to introduce a comparison (see Lesson XXXIV.), or to express manner; e.g. "Then did Christian again a little revive, and stood up trembling as at first, before Evangelist." Pilgrim's Progress. |