ness, and, besides that, he was not in the House of Commons." JUSTIN MCCARTHY, History of Our Own Times.

2. "We must not take upon us to affirm that this was a mistake, although the Face may have looked no more kindly at Ernest than at all the world besides."

HAWTHORNE, The Great Stone Face.

(b) "Besides " as an adverb, meaning moreover.

1. "They drank also of the water of the river, which was pleasant, and enlivening to their weary spirits. Besides, on the banks of this river, on either side, were trees of all manner of fruit." JOHN BUNYAN, Pilgrim's Progress.

2. "So, she is a sort of client of yours, this child,' said Clodius.

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'Ay, does she not sing prettily? She interests me, the poor slave! Besides, she is from the gods' hill, Olympus frowned upon her cradle, she is of Thessaly.' "The witches' country?'

SIR EDWARD BULWER-LYTTON, The Last Days of Pompeii.

PUNCTUATION.

Notice the use of the colon to introduce a speech (I. a, Ex. 2). The colon is used before a speech or quotation, when the quotation is of some length, or when, though short, it is formally introduced. See examples under Rules for Punctuation, VIII. 3, Lesson XLVII.

A quotation within a quotation is written with single. marks (I. a, Ex. 2, II. b, Ex. 2). See Rules for Punctuation, III. 2, Lesson XXXIX.

Notice the form of a reference to Scripture (I. b, Ex. 1); the chapter is given in Roman, the verse, in Arabic

numerals, and except for the period after the Roman numeral and at the end there is no punctuation throughout. Unlike other titles, the name of the Bible and the names of the books of the Bible need not be written with quotation marks.

There should be a period after the name of a speaker in a play (I. c, Ex. 1).

The interrogation point should close every sentence in the form of a direct question, unless the sentence is used in exclamation. The exclamation point should close every exclamatory phrase, clause, or sentence.

either the interrogation point or the exclamation point replaces a period and so closes a sentence, the sentence that follows should begin with a capital (II. b, Ex. 2). Compare Rules for Punctuation, V. and VI., Lesson XLIV.

The possessive case of a plural noun ending in "s" is formed by adding the apostrophe; see above, "gods"," "witches'" (II. b, Ex. 2). The possessive case of a plural noun not ending in "s" is formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter " S ; for instance, The Children's Hour.

"Ay," "Yes," "No," and other such adverbial expressions occurring at the beginning of a sentence, should be followed by a comma; see above, "So," "Ay” (II. b, Ex. 2), unless they are used in exclamation, when they should, of course, be followed by an exclamation point. See Rules for Punctuation, IV. 11, Lesson XLIII.

EXERCISE.

Supply "beside" or "besides in the passages that follow, giving the reason for your choice in each case.

1. And there on starlight nights you may see them

shining still, Perseus with the Gorgon's head, and fair Andromeda

him.

2. There is delight in singing, though none hear

5. I pray you, do not fall in love with me, For I am falser than vows made in wine:

I like you not.

6. So a night passed and a day; and a long day it was for Danaë; and another day and night till Danaë was faint with hunger and weeping, and yet no land appeared.

7. Suffer me to send to the god of the Greeks whom I have honoured with gifts more than all gods

8. There were several additions of a later date; but, above all, three crosses of red ink, - two on the north part of the island, one in the southwest, and last, in the same red ink, these words, "Bulk of treasure here."

this

9. Oh! it could not forget those beautiful, happy birds, and so soon as it could see them no longer it dived down to the very bottom, and when it came up again it was quite itself.

10. I saw the most wonderful figureheads that had all been far over the ocean. old sailors, with rings in their ears, and whiskers curled in ringlets,

and tarry pig-tails.

I saw,

9 many

11. There was not a soul stirring, nor a sound the noises of the breeze.

LESSON IV.

For "But" (preposition) see Lesson XXXI.

EXCEPT AND WITHOUT.

"Except," meaning with the exception of, and "without," meaning (a) being destitute of, (b) outside of, are prepositions, and must be followed by the objective case.

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'Without," meaning outside, is an adverb, and as such should not, of course, be followed by the objective case. Neither of these words may now be used in place of the conjunction "unless," although both were formerly so used.

1. "I have never thought about my heart,' replied the Portuguese duck; 'but I know that I love all my fellow-creatures except the cat, and nobody can expect me to love her, for she ate up two of my ducklings.' The Portuguese Duck, translated from the

Danish of Hans Christian Andersen.

2. "I found also that the island I was in was barren, and, as I have good reason to believe, uninhabited except by wild beasts."

DANIEL DEFOE, Robinson Crusoe.

1 Less usual now than "but," meaning except or other than, see Lesson XXXI., or than save; e.g.

"No one saw aught save Richard and Saladin, and they too beheld nothing but each other."

SIR WALTER SCOTT, The Talisman.

The letters e.g. stand for the two Latin words, exempli gratia, meaning for the sake of example, or for instance. There is a period after each letter, because (see Lesson II. footnote) a period should always be used after an abbreviation.

II. "Without" (preposition), meaning being destitute of. 1. "Without Thee what is all the morning's wealth? Come, blessed barrier, between day and day,

Dear mother of fresh thoughts and joyous health."
WORDSWORTH, Sonnet to Sleep.

2 "Then the lad went in without trembling, for he, too, was a hero's son."

CHARLES KINGSLEY, The Greek Heroes, The Argonauts.

3. "However, he let me see in himself that a man might show his good will significantly enough without noise and display."

MARCUS AURELIUS, Meditations, translated from the

Greek by Jeremy Collier.

III. "Without" (preposition) meaning outside of.

1. "Thou shalt not be turned away. It shall be vouchsafed to thee to stand here without the gate, and to reflect, and repent of thy life down yonder."

IV. "Without" (adverb).

ANDERSEN, Something.

1. "As soon as he heard that Perseus stood without, he bade them bring him in, and asked him scornfully before them all, 'Am I not your king, Perseus, and have I not invited you to my feast? Where is your present, then?"" The Greek Heroes, Perseus.

2. "From the church came a murmur of folk at their

prayers,

But we stood without in the cold blowing airs.

She sate by the pillar, we saw her clear:
'Margaret, hist! come quick, we are here!'”

MATTHEW ARNOLD, The Forsaken Merman.