whereas a friend may speak as the case requires, and

not as it sorteth with the person."

FRANCIS BACON, Essay XXVII., Of Friendship.

d. It might be said that in Examples 3 and 5 above "but" is used as a preposition meaning "except," and so is followed by the objective case, while in Examples 1, 2, and 4 "but" is a conjunction. Example 1 would then mean, "none might hear but he [might hear]," Example 2, "all have departed but he [has not departed]," Example 4,"no one [else] might hear the voice but we [might hear it]." The explanation given above under c seems, however, more satisfactory.

II. “But" is superfluous in the expression, “I do not doubt but that" because after a verb of questioning or doubting, "but" is equivalent to the conjunction "that." Write, "I do not doubt but," or, "I do not doubt that";

"I doubt na, whiles, but thou may thieve."

ROBERT BURNS, To a Mouse.

III. "But" may be used (a)1 with "that" in the sense except that, save that, were it not that, had it not been that, or (b) alone in the sense that not.

EXAMPLES.

"But that" in the sense except that, save that, were

I.e. "were it not that the cold hand . . . lies."

1 In (a) "but " is a preposition; in (b) it is equivalent sometimes to the conjunction "that" (b, Ex. 1, Ex. 3), sometimes to the relative pronoun (b, Ex. 2).

1. "For he said, 'I know not but some other enemy

may be at hand.''

Pilgrim's Progress.

I.e. "I know not that some other enemy may not be at

hand."

2. "What hand but would a garland cull

For you, who are so beautiful?"

WORDSWORTH, The Highland Girl.

I.e. "What hand is there that would not a garland cull?"

3. Friar Laurence.

"For nought so vile that on the

earth doth live

But to the earth some special good doth give."

Romeo and Juliet, II. 3. I.e. "There is nought so vile that it does not give."

EXERCISE.

In the passages that follow, explain the use of "but." 1. "And yet, as I looked again, I was not sure but they were moving after all with a slow and august advance." STEVENSON, The Silverado Squatters.

2. "I dare engage for nothing but that I shall give it . . . the most honest and impartial consideration of which I am capable." BURKE, Speech at his Arrival at Bristol. 3. King. "Thus did I keep my person fresh and

new;

My presence, like a robe pontifical,

Ne'er seen but wondered at." 1 King Henry IV., iii. 2. 4. "It re-appeared in a.little with its pines, but this time as an islet, and only to be swallowed up once more." The Silverado Squatters.

5. "I judged all danger of the fog was over. This was not Noah's flood; it was but a morning spring, and it would now drift out seaward whence it came."

The Silverado Squatters. 6. "And all this for no other reason that I can imagine but because I do not hoot . . . and make a noise." The Spectator.

7. "I had nothing left for it but to fall fast asleep."

Ibid.

8. "Modes and apparel are but trifles to the real man." 9. "Kala Nag will obey none but me."

Ibid.

The Jungle Book, Toomai of the Elephants.

10. Hotspur. "O, would the quarrel lay upon our

heads,

And that no man might draw short breath to-day,
But I and Harry Monmouth." 1 King Henry IV., v. 2.

LESSON XXXII.

CORRELATIVES.

I. Words used in groups of two or more are called correlatives.

or," "neither

nor

The correlatives "either (conjunctions)," "not (adverb) . . . nor (conjunction)," and "not (adverb). ... but (conjunction)" distinguish between and (conjunctions)''

two words in a sentence;1 "both "not only . . . but," "not only . . . but also," make emphatic the words that follow them.

1 Therefore, when "either

or," "neither . . . nor," "not.

but are followed by nouns or pronouns in the singular, the verb governed by the nouns or pronouns must be in the singular; see Example 1.

Be sure to correlate "either" with "or," "not" or "neither" with "nor". Use these correlatives only to distinguish between two persons or things or two groups.

EXAMPLES.

1. "They said, 'Back, back, ... if either life or peace is prized by thee !'"

Pilgrim's Progress.

2. "There would be neither moon nor star;

But the wave would make music above us afar."
TENNYSON, The Merman.

3. "Thy wheel and thee we neither love nor hate."

Idylls of the King, Lancelot and Elaine.

4. "The light from heaven shone on him indeed, but not in a direct line, nor with its own pure splendour." MACAULAY, Essay on Samuel Johnson.

5. Duke. "When came he to this town?

Antonio. To-day, my lord, and for three months

before

Both day and night did we keep company."

Twelfth Night, V. 1.

Julius Cæsar, III. 2.

6. "You are not wood, you are not stones, but men."

7. "Human beings are composed not of reason only, but of imagination also, and sentiment."

DANIEL WEBSTER, Bunker Hill Oration.

II. Each correlative should come before the word it modifies, and each should be followed by the same part of speech. For instance, in Example 1, "either" is followed by a noun, "life," and "or" by a noun, "peace"; in Example 3, "neither" is followed by a verb, "love," and "nor" by a verb, "hate."

1 Be careful not to use "neither these words themselves are negative.

nor" with a negative verb, for

EXAMPLES.