research and technical assistance are long-range activities, programing for a 2-year period will be a significant improvement for those programs. The modest increases approved by the Board of Governors in the 1965 budget for research contracts and for the Seibersdorf laboratory are constructive. We are heartened by the priority that is being given to the award of contracts to research reactor centers and laboratories in developing countries, and to the research and educational opportunities available under Agency agreements at the International Center for Theoretical Physics at Trieste, the NORA reactor in Norway, and the marine biological project at Monaco. A model effort to stimulate research through member-state cooperation on a regional basis is the establishment for Asia and the Far East of an experimental program, built around the gift of a neutron crystal spectrometer by the Government of India, at the Philippines Atomic Energy Research Center near Manila.

The utilization of research reactors continues to be one of the most promising fields of activity for the Agency. An increasing number, about 45 percent, of the Agency's member countries now have research reactors in operation or under construction, and we support the Agency's plans for assistance in developing research programs, particularly for newly established centers in many of the member states through such means as regional study group meetings.

The United States will continue to provide experts for these undertakings and will maintain the "sister laboratory" arrangements between nuclear centers in the United States and nuclear reactor centers in developing countries.

For the sixth consecutive year the United States, as a means of stimulating research and development, is pleased to renew for 1965 its offer to donate up to $50,000 worth of special nuclear material for use in Agency projects in research and medical therapy. In the first 5 years this offer was made, it has been used to help research reactor projects in five member states and the Agency's own laboratory.

As another means of stimulating research and training, I announce with pleasure that the United States is prepared to offer two kinds of assistance in the construction and operation of subcritical assemblies. First, we will provide the Agency with up-to-date technical information covering detailed design, fabrication, and operating characteristics of an inexpensive subcritical assembly developed by an American firm at its own expense. Second, my Government will lease fabricated natural uranium slugs, which we have on hand, for subcritical assemblies. Enriched uranium in unfabricated form, with a value up to $125,000, may also be leased under our existing policies for use in subcritical assemblies.

We believe the technical assistance activities-embracing the provision of experts and equipment, training, and special missions have evolved on a sound basis. Unfortunately, shortages of funds have prevented the Agency's meeting all of the worthwhile needs of member states. Nevertheless, during 1961, 62, and '63 the Agency was able to grant about 1,400 fellowships for study in the various branches of nuclear science. It sent out about 450 experts and visiting pro

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fessors to assist member states in developing programs. It established the International Center for Theoretical Physics at Trieste, a regional isotope training center, and several joint research and training programs. It also approved in principle a second regional isotope training center. We believe the technical assistance programs benefit significantly through coordination with similar activities of WHO [World Health Organization], FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization], UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization], the U.N., and other agencies. Further benefits, particularly the best use of the Agency's limited funds, would come from the "country program" approach to technical assistance. We urge the secretariat to continue its steps toward full utilization of this type of programing.

The greatest problem facing the Agency in connection with technical assistance is financial stability. Those of you who attended last year's General Conference may recall that we strongly urged the adoption of a statutory amendment to place the entire budget on an assessed basis in order to fulfill more effectively the Agency's responsibilities in technical assistance and training.39 Although we concluded that there was not yet sufficient broad understanding of this amendment to achieve speedy ratification, we still regard a fully assessed budget as the best ultimate solution to financial stability. In the meantime, however, we urge all members who have not already done so to contribute to the voluntary operating fund an amount that is at least equivalent to each member's percentage of the regular program. In addition, gifts in kind to the Agency for use in its approved programs will help carry out the programs in technical assistance and training. We shall continue, ourselves, to make available training opportunities in our institutions, the services of our experts, and certain items of equipment, to the extent that we are able to do so.

A summary of accomplishments demonstrates that the Agency begins is eighth year in far the strongest position in its history. In the past 3 years the total approved budget has increased from about $81 million for 1962 to about $934 million for 1964. Its research. and technical assistance programs have been meaningful; it has established important new laboratory, training, and joint research programs; and it has expanded its safeguards responsibilities. The meetings of the General Conference and the Board of Governors have been increasingly concerned with technical and administrative problems and, most importantly, with virtually no unproductive and tangential political discussion. And this is only an arbitrary selection of evidences of Agency progress.

This has been a year of fulfillment-a year of maturing. The economic breakthrough in large nuclear power reactors, the softening of international tensions, the new mood of confidence in the world nuclear community, the progress of this Agency toward world nuclear law, and the demonstrated ability of this organization to give substantive help to nations developing nuclear programs-all have con

3 See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1963, p. 1097.

tributed to the beginning of a bright new phase of exploitation of nuclear energy for the benefit of man.

We must remember, however, that the struggles of the past have been but a prelude to the larger challenges of the future. With continued devotion, good will, and a generous spirit, the International Atomic Energy Agency can hasten the time when nuclear energy, in its many forms, will help man conquer want and build a secure and peaceful world.

[Israel-United States Agreement To Study the Feasibility of a Large Water Desalting Project for Israel: MEMORANDUM SIGNED AT WASHINGTON BY THE ACTING SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR (HOLUM) AND THE AMBASSADOR OF ISRAEL (HARMAN), OCTOBER 15, 1964-Ante, Doc. VII-18]

Document X-71

The Development of Peaceful Uses of the Atom and Its Relation to Nonproliferation: ADDRESS BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE U.S. ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT AGENCY (FOSTER) BEFORE THE ECONOMIC CLUB OF DETROIT, OCTOBER 19, 1964 (EXCERPTS) 40

[Soviet-United States Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Desalination, Including the Use of Atomic Energy, SIGNED AT MOSCOW BY THE U.S. AMBASSADOR (KOHLER) AND THE SOVIET FOREIGN MINISTER (GROMYKO), NOVEMBER 18, 1964—Ante, Doc. VI-17]

E. Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (Including Communications Satellites)

Document X-72

"The Two-Stage Saturn Vehicle Has Just Put Into Orbit the Largest Payload Ever Launched by Any Nation": STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT (JOHNSON), ISSUED JANUARY 29, 1964 1

The two-stage Saturn vehicle has just put into orbit the largest payload ever launched by any nation.2

This is a giant step forward for the United States space effort.

Ante, doc. X-60.

1 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-64, vol. I, p. 248.

The top Soviet payload of 14,292 pounds was reported on two unmanned flights.

We have now proved we have the capability for putting great pay

loads into space.

4

We have come a long way from the 31 pounds of Explorer I on January 31, 1958 to the some 37,000 pounds which has just been placed into orbit by Saturn I.

We have demonstrated not only enormous boost capability, but we have proved the effectiveness and the practical use of liquid hydrogen as a rocket fuel for space flight.

As chairman of the Space Council for three years, I know first hand the hard work and creative energy that has gone into this achievement. This successful launching and orbiting can accurately be described as one of the most important space science advances in our short but fruitful space history.

On behalf of a grateful and proud Nation, I warmly congratulate the scientists, technicians, managers, and employees of the space team for their contribution to peace and progress.

Document X-73

Draft International Agreement on Assistance to and Return of Astronauts and Objects Launched Into Outer Space, SUBMITTED BY THE U.S. REPRESENTATIVE (MEEKER) IN THE LEGAL SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE OF THE U.N. GENERAL ASSEMBLY, GENEVA, MARCH 10, 1964 5

The Contracting Parties,

Recognizing the common interest of mankind in furthering the peaceful uses of outer space,

Recalling the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, adopted by the General Assembly on 13 December 1963, as resolution 1962 (XVIII),

Considering that the personnel of spacecraft may from time to time be the subject of accident or experience conditions of distress, Considering that there may occur landings of objects launched into outer space, and their personnel in the case of manned spacecraft, by reason of accident, distress or mistake,

Wishing to do their utmost to assist the personnel of spacecraft in such cases and to provide for the return of objects launched into outer space, and

4

* See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1958, pp. 1409-1410.

The total weight of 37,700 lbs. in orbit consisted of the second-stage empty fuel tanks and a payload of 20,000 lbs. The 20,000 lbs. payload included 11.000 lbs. of sand ballast. The range of the orbit was reported at a perigee of 164 miles and an apogee of 471 miles.

U.N. doc. A/AC.105/C.2/L.9. The Legal Subcommittee held the first part of its 3d session at Geneva, Mar. 9-26, 1964. For a summary report of Mr. Meeker's statement of Mar. 10, 1964, on this draft agreement in the Legal Subcommittee, see U.N. doc. A/AC.105/C.2/SR.30.

6 Text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1963, pp. 1087-1089.

Believing that in such circumstances the action of States should be governed by common humanitarian concern and with due regard for scientific needs, Agree as follows:

Article 1

1. A Contracting Party which discovers that the personnel of a spacecraft have met with accident or are experiencing conditions of distress, or have made an emergency landing, shall notify without delay the State of registry or international organization responsible for launching, or the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. A Contracting Party which discovers that an object launched into outer space or parts thereof have returned to Earth shall notify without delay the State of registry or international organization responsible for the launching, or the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 2

1. Unless otherwise requested by the State of registry or international organization responsible for launching, each Contracting Party shall take all possible steps to assist or rescue promptly the personnel of spacecraft who are the subject of accident or experience conditions of distress or who may make emergency landings by reason of accident, distress, or mistake. Such steps shall include a joint search by those Contracting Parties which may be in a position to conduct search and rescue operations in the event personnel of a spacecraft are presumed to have made an emergency landing on the high seas or Antarctica.

2. Each Contracting Party shall permit, subject to control by its own authorities, the authorities of the State of registry or international organization responsible for launching to provide measures of assistance as may be necessitated by the circumstances.

Article 3

1. A Contracting Party shall return the personnel of a spacecraft who have made an emergency landing by reason of accident, distress or mistake promptly and safely to the State of registry or international organization responsible for launching.

2. Upon request by the State of registry or international organization responsible for launching, a Contracting Party shall return to that State or international organization an object launched into outer space or parts thereof that have returned to Earth. Such State or international organization shall, upon request, furnish identifying data.

Article 4

Any dispute arising from the interpretation or application of this Agreement may be referred by any Contracting Party thereto to the International Court of Justice for decision.