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CHAPTER III.-BREATHLESSNESS (continued)

86

Mechanism of Breathlessness-Reflex Disturbances of the Re-
spiratory Movements - Physical Sensations and Moral Im-
pressions Stammering Respiration-Why we become less
Breathless at a Fencing-School than in a Duel-Reflexes due
to Carbonic Acid-Reflexes are at first Useful; They become
Dangerous when Exaggerated-Dangers of Instinctive Move-
ments-Part played by the Heart in Breathlessness-
Active Congestions-Fatigue of the Heart-Muscle and Passive
Congestion of the Lungs-The Influence of the Heart is
Secondary Cessation of Breathlessness notwithstanding the
Persistence of Circulatory Disturbances after Exercise-
Personal Observation: the Ascent of Canigou-Effort; its
part in Breathlessness--Prompt Advent of Breathlessness
in Wrestling-Sprint Running and Long Distance Running
-Our observations on the Rhythm of Respiration During
Breathlessness Inequality of Expiration and Inspiration
during Breathlessness;— Causes of this Inequality — Grave
Phenomena of Breathlessness-Action of Carbonic Acid on
the Muscular Fibres of the Heart.

CHAPTER IV.-BREATHLESSNESS (concluded)

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103
Three Stages of Breathlessness-First or Salutary Stage-·
Respiration more Active, but not Insufficient-Second Stage—
Symptoms of slight Carbonic Acid Intoxication; Leaden Com-
plexion; Breathless Respiration; General Discomforts-Third
or Asphyxial Stage-Cerebral Disturbances; Symptoms of
severe Carbonic Acid Intoxication; Vertigo; Unconscious
Movements; Syncope; Stoppage of the Heart-Observations
-Dangers of Running as a Sport-Too vigorous an Assault-
at-Arms—Animals succumbing to Breathlessness; the Horse
ridden to Death-Death of a Carrier Pigeon-A Hunted
Beast which Breaks Cover.

CHAPTER V.-STIFFNESS

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Return to the Gymnasium; a Sleepless Night-Febrile Stiffness
-Three Degrees of Stiffness of Fatigue-Causes of Stiffness;
Immunity due to Habituation-Explanation of Symptoms-
Imperfection of Theories-Local Symptoms; They are due
to Trauma-General Symptoms; They are due to an Auto-
intoxication Deposits of Urates Influence of Muscular
Exercise on their Formation; Diversity of opinions of
Authors Personal Observations -- Conditions which cause
Variations in the Formation of Deposits after Work-Slow
appearance of the Deposits after Exercise.-Influence of
the Intensity of the Work on their Formation - Hitherto
misunderstood influence of Training-Constant Correlation
observed between the Production of Stiffness and the
Formation of Deposits-This Correlation is found in all
circumstances which render the Individual more liable to
Fatigue-Influence of Moral Causes on Consecutive Fatigue
and on the Deposits.

CHAPTER VI.-STIFFNESS (concluded).

125
Objection to Our Theory-Are Urinary Deposits due to the
Perspiration produced by Exercise?-Observations opposed
to the opinion of Authors on this Subject-An Experiment
in Fatigue Rowing from Limoges to Paimboeuf-Agreement
of Observations with Chemical Analysis-Exercise produces
a Uricemic condition-Analogy of Stiffness of Fatigue
with certain Febrile conditions-Stiffness of Fatigue and an
Attack of Gout-Cause of Immunity from Stiffness when in
Training Function of Reserve Materials Products of
Dissimilation Part played by Uric Acid in Stiffness-
Stiffness is an Auto-Intoxication.

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Overwork is Exaggerated Fatigue-Different forms of Over-
Work-Acute Overwork; Death from Breathlessness-Sub-
acute Overwork-The Stag hunted to Death-Forced Game;
Rapid Cadaveric Rigidity; Prompt Putrefaction-Mechanism
of Death by sub-acute Överwork—Auto-Intoxication by pro-
ducts of Dissimilation-Extractives, Lactic Acid-Discoveries
of Gautier; Poisons of Living Organisms; Leucomaines-Rarity
of sub-acute Overwork in Man-The Soldier of Marathon
-Observations on rapid Cadaveric Rigidity in Men Dying in
a condition of Overwork-Curious positions of the bodies;
Horror-stricken Expressions in Persons who have been
Assassinated · Effects of Overwork
on the Flesh of
Animals—Dangers of Eating Overworked Flesh-Culinary
Qualities given to Flesh in certain cases by Overwork-
Suffering a cause of Overwork - Cruelty of a Butcher-
Chronic Overwork the form most frequently observed in
Man.

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CHAPTER VIII.-OVERWORK (continued)

145

The Disorders of Overwork-Pseudo-Typhoid Fevers-Auto-
infection and Auto-Typhisation-Opinion of Professor Peter
—Microbes and Leucomaines--Frequency of Fevers of Over-
work-Greater predisposition of Adolescents-Two personal
Observations-Abuse of Fencing and too much of the Trapeze
-Overwork in the Army-Too Energetic a Colonel-Forced
Manœuvres-Overwork a cause aggravating Disease-Infec-
tive forms assumed by the mildest Disorders in Overworked
systems—So-called Sunstroke of Soldiers on the March—The
large influence of Overwork in the production of these Dis-
orders-Rarity of Sunstroke in Horse-Soldiers; its frequency
in Foot-Soldiers-Spares persons habituated to Fatigue-
Rarity of Sunstroke in Harvest Men.

CHAPTER IX.—OVERWORK (concluded)

A Phthisical Hercules

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The Over-trained Horse Chronic
Overwork-Exhaustion through using up of the Organic
Tissues-Difference between the Physiological Processes of
Acute and of Chronic Overwork - Auto-intoxication and
Autophagy-Dangers of excessive Expenditure - Defective
Balance between Expenditure and Income.-Impoverishment
of the System by excessive work-Atrophy and Degeneration
of Muscles-The Calves of Runners-Overwork of the Heart-
Muscle-The Overdriven Heart-Nervous Forms of Over-
work-Anæmia of the Nerve-Centres and Exhaustion of the
Nervous Substance-Epilepsy of Walkers-Observations on
Peasants-Insanity from Overwork; Influence of Harvest-time
on its Frequency-Frequency of Neuroses in Overworked
Peasants.

CHAPTER X.-THE THEORY OF FATIGUE .

163
Fatigue is a Regulator of Work-Organic Conditions which
hasten the onset of the Sensation of Fatigue; Weakness of
the Organs; Excess of Reserve Materials-Order and con-
nection of the Phenomena of Fatigue-Local and General
Fatigue; Immediate and Consecutive Fatigue-The different
Processes of Fatigue :—(1) Traumatic Effects of Work on the
Motor Organs—(2) Auto-Intoxication by the Products of Dis-
similation (3) Organic Exhaustion through Autophagy (4)
Dynamic Exhaustion through Expenditure of all the Force at
the Disposal of the Muscular and Nervous Elements-In-
sufficiency of existing Physiological ideas for explaining all
the Phenomena of Fatigue.

CHAPTER XI.-REPOSE

170
Repair of the Animal Machine-Cleansing of the Organs;
Elimination of the Waste-Products of Combustions-Diminu-
tion of Combustions during Repose-Fall of Temperature and
Depression of Vital Functions during Sleep—The Duration of
Repose must vary according to the Form of Fatigue-Short
Period of Repose necessary to dissipate Breathlessness-
The Runners of Tunis-Difference in the Rapidity of Elimi-
nation of the various Products of Dissimilation - Dynamic
Effects of Repose; they are still unexplained-Influence of
Periods of Repose in relation to the Conservation of Energy
-The English Boxers.

PART III.

HABITUATION TO WORK.

POWER OF RESISTING FATIGUE-MODIFICATION

OF

ORGANS BY WORK-MODIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
OF THE TISSUES BY WORK-TRAINING.
CHAPTER I.-POWER OF RESISTING FATIGUE

181

Variability in the Power of Resisting Fatigue-Effects of In-
action-Effects of Habitual Activity—Different Mode of Life
causes Different Conformation; Frugivorous Animals and
Hunting Animals; the Flesh of the Hare and the Flesh of the
Wolf-The Labourer and the Scholar-How we must explain
"Habituation" to Work.

CHAPTER II.-MODIFICATION OF THE ORGANS BY WORK. 187
Function makes Structure-Disappearance of Organs when
their Function has Ceased; Maintenance of Organs by Per-
sistence of Function-Why gymnasts remain supple even in
Old Age-Modification of Motor Organs by Exercise-Modi-
fication of Organic Apparatus associated with Movement;
Amplification of the Lungs-Changes in the Living Tissues
due to Work-More active Assimilation; Growth of Muscles-
More rapid Dissimilation; Diminution of Reserve Materials
-Increase of Strength through Growth of the Muscular
Tissues-Lessening of Fatigue; it is due to the gradual Dis-
appearance of the Reserve Materials-How this Result is
Explained-Fat causes Breathlessness-By what Mechan-
ism? Insufficiency of admitted Explanations · Theory of

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Trainers the "Internal Fat." Objections to this Theory
-Reserve Fat and Constitutional Fat-Fat Runners-Easy
Dissimilation of Reserve-Fats, causes Breathlessness by
Excessive Production of Carbonic Acid-Reserve Proteids
and Consecutive Fatigue Disappearance of Stiffness of
Fatigue in Connection with the Disappearance of Urinary
Deposits after Exercise-Personal Observations on Fatigue.
CHAPTER III.-MODIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS BY WORK. 199
Increase in the Contractile Force of Muscle-Probable increase
in the Power of Conduction of Nerves. Improvement in the
Faculties of Co-Ordination of Movement-Education of the
Muscular Sense-Domination of Reflex Actions by the Will;
Regulation of the Respiratory Movements-Changes produced
in the Nervous System by Muscular Exercise-Material

Changes in the Nervous Tissues; are they purely Hypo-
thetical?-An observation of Luys- Functional Changes in
the Nervous System-The Memory of the Spinal Cord; its
Use in the Performance of often Repeated Actions-Psychical
Modifications due to Habituation to Work-Skill-Physical
Courage-Incredible Energy of Prize-fighters.

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Various meanings of the word Training-Training, as we
understand it here, is the Adaptation of the Organism to
Work-Natural Training and Methodical Training-Methods
of Training; rarely put in force in France; very widely
Practised in England - Training of Boxers - Training of
Oarsmen-A Specimen of Method-Physiological explanation
of the Phenomena. The Loss of Weight; Diet; Care of the
Skin-Capital Importance of Muscular Work in Training—
Temperament of the Trained Man-Advantages and Dis-
advantages of his Condition.

PART IV.

THE DIFFERENT EXERCISES.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF EXERCISES
VIOLENT EXERCISES-EXERCISES OF STRENGTH-
EXERCISES OF SPEED-EXERCISES OF ENDURANCE
-MECHANISM OF DIFFERENT EXERCISES.

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Quantity of Work Done in an Exercise-Gentle, Moderate, and
Violent Exercises-Quality of Work in Exercise-Exercises of
Strength, of Speed, and of Endurance-Mechanism of the
various Exercises.

CHAPTER II.-VIOLENT EXERCISES

230

Violent Exercise must not be confounded with Fatiguing
Exercise-Difficulty of appreciating the Quantity of Work
expended in an Exercise Difficult Movements Feats of
Strength Gymnastic Pedants Children's Games and
Gymnastics-Skipping compared with Climbing a Rope-
Analysis of Exercises-How the Physiological Effects of
Work may indicate its Degree of Intensity.

CHAPTER III.-EXERCISES OF STRENGTH
236
Gymnastics-Frequent Intervention of Effort in Exercises of
Strength-Why it is impossible to have "a Smile on the
Lips" in practising an Exercise of Strength-Charles Bell on

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