Bailey, of West Point, and others; and in partial proof that all the organisms entering into its composition are dead, the statement was made that "there are never spines on the globigerinæ from the bottom, even in the shallowest water." This is a mistake, as the spinous globigerinæ were quite abundant in the soundings from the Gulf of Campeche made during the summer of 1874, during the cruise of the United States steamship Fortune, from depths of between 64 and 210 fathoms. ETHNOLOGY. Our summary of progress in Anthropology and Ethnology will embrace: 1. An account of prehistoric researches in various parts of the world. 2. A record of investigations among living tribes of men. 3. A synopsis of discussions upon general and special problems. 4. A report of improved apparatus of research; of expeditions and instructions to observers; of anthropological societies and sections of general societies, and their published Proceedings; of museums and notable private collections; of periodicals, wholly or in part devoted to anthropology; and of the bibliography of the subject since the publication of our last volume. 1. PREHISTORIC RESEARCHES. America. The Alaska Commercial Company has presented to the National Museum eight mummies from the cave of Kagamil, Aleutian Islands. They resemble those from Peru, being doubled up and wrapped in the finest furs and grass matting. Alphonse L. Pinart publishes an account of his exploration of the cave of Aknanh, Island of Ounga. Le Père Pétitot, in a long communication to the Paris Geographical Society, describes the stone and bone implements found in the Mackenzie River district. Some of the most extensive and successful researches ever made in American archæology are being conducted by Mr. Paul Schumacher, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, on the west coast of the United States from Oregon to the Santa Barbara Islands. Hundreds of skulls have been exhumed, and the amount of mortars, pestles, stone implements of every sort, pottery, burial deposits, etc., is simply incredible. A partial report of his labors will be found in the Smithsonian Report for 1874. The finest specimens of his collection will be exhibited at the Centennial. Further reports on California will be found in the paper of A. S. Hudson, M.D., "On Shell-mounds in Oakland, California" (Proc. Cal. Acad., 1874), and that of Mr. L. G. Yates, on "Aboriginal Mounds in California" (Am. Assoc., 1875). The researches of Stephen Powers in Northern California, and of Rev. Stephen Bowers in Santa Barbara, are also to be noticed. The government surveyors of the Great Interior Basin have been as fortunate as usual in discovering relics of ancient populations. Messrs. Holmes and Jackson have examined a series of rock-shelter dwellings, towers, burial- places, etc., and have recovered a great number of inscriptions from the face of the cliffs in Southwestern Colorado and Northeastern Arizona, on the River San Juan and its tributaries. The most interesting of their discoveries in 1874 are described in Bancroft ("Native Races," Vol. IV., Chap. XI.). Their last summer's finds are graphically detailed in the N. Y. Herald letters. Professor R. J. Farquharson read a paper before the American Association at Detroit on "Recent Mound Explorations at Davenport, Iowa." Mr. Henry Gilman gave an account of the ancient men of the great lakes, with especial reference to flattened tibiæ. In the Smithsonian Report for 1875 the same author will describe skull perforations from the same district, of which he has observed about twenty examples. The following communications were also made to the Detroit meeting: "On Mound Explorations in Kent County, Michigan," by Professor E. A. Strong and W. C. Coffinberry; "On Archæology in Wyoming," by F. B. Comstock; "On Ancient Structures of New Mexico," by E. D. Cope; "On Indian Mounds and Shell-heaps near Pensacola, Florida," by Dr. George Sternberg. Dr. C. Schmidt read before the German Association at Munich a memoir on American mounds compared with remains of old mounds in Southern Germany. Mr. Joseph Wilcox describes in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia an ancient burial custom in Tennessee. The State Archæological Association of Indiana held a meeting on September 29th and 30th, to take measures for preserving the monuments of the state. Other states of the Mississippi Valley are engaged in the same laudable work. Dr. N. Joly has an article in La Nature (January 23, 1875) on "L'Homme Primitif Américain." In Revista de Antropologia, Madrid, February and May, 1875, is an article entitled "De las Armas offensivas y defensivas de los Primitivos Americanos." Mr. Hyde Clarke has just published, through Trübner & Co., in pamphlet form, his article in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute entitled "Researches in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Comparative Philology, Mythology, and Archæology in Connection with the Origin of Culture in America, and the Accad or Sumerian Families." The author attempts to utilize the latest investigations of cuneiform inscriptions in unveiling the mysteries of American colonization. The eighth Annual Report of the Peabody Museum contains an account of the Swallow Collection, the Collection of Professor Wyman in Florida, and reports of smaller North American donations. The "Congrés International des Américanistes" was held at Nancy from July 19th to 22d. The programme was as follows: First Meeting.-History of Ancient America, and ante-Columbian relations with the Old World. President, M. Torres Caicedo, San Salvador. Second Meeting.-Ethnology. President, Professor Hynes, Boston. Third Meeting.-Language. President, Waldemar Schmidt, Copenhagen. Fourth Meeting.-Archæology. President, Fr. von Hellwald. The following gentlemen presented papers: M. Gravier. The Dighton Rock inscription. M. Foucheux. The Relation of the Buddhists with America at the commencement of our era. M. Lucien Adam. The legend of Hoei-Chin, and the claims of Mexico to be the Fou-Sang of the voyagers. The legends of the lost Atlantis, of Phoenician voyagers to our shores, and of Phoenician inscriptions, met with little fa ** vor. The opinion of M. Dally, that in studying American primitive history the purest scientific processes should be employed, met with general approval. M. le Baron de Bretton, delegate of the King of Denmark, presented an important paper on the discoveries of the North men. In the second meeting, the following gentlemen participated: Dr. Paul Broca. On the deformed skulls of the Chibchas and other tribes. M. L. Petitot. On the Southern origin of the Esquimaux. M. Jules Ballet, of Guadaloupe. On the Caribs of the Antilles. In the third meeting, papers were read by: M. Pacheco Zigarro, of Cuzco. On the Quichua. M. Leon de Rosny. On the systems of deciphering the Maya. M. Julien Adam, for M. Julien Vinson. On the pretended analogy between the New World tongues and the Basque language. In the fourth meeting the following gentlemen took part: M. Oscar Comettant. Music in America before Columbus. "The Peruvian flute is sad, timid, and prophetic; and, after having presided over the magnificent fêtes of the Incas, serves to console their descendants in degradation and slavery." M. Waldemar Schmidt. On sketching and other art manifestations among native Greenlanders. The executor of the will of Mr. George Latimer has sent from Porto Rico to the Smithsonian Institution the magnificent prehistoric collection of that gentleman, embracing 36 sacrificial yokes (?), a large number of mammiform stones of various patterns, a beautiful collection of celts, besides a variety of other materials. In Scribner's Monthly for August is an illustrated article on the "Stone Age of the Antilles.” Mr. Herbert Spencer's "Descriptive Sociology," Div. II., Pt. I., B, is devoted to Mexicans, Central Americans, Chibchas, and Peruvians. Vol. I. of Pinart's "Bibliothèque de Linguistique et d'Ethnographie Américaines," is devoted to the "Lingua Chiapaneca." Lopez Borregnero has published in Madrid this year his work entitled "Los Indios Caribes, Memorias Interessantes de Venezuela.' Mr. Hutchinson continues his interesting researches among Peruvian antiquities. He objects to having them all ascribed to the Incas. He agrees with Mr. Baldwin that the original South Americans were the oldest people on the continent, and that "the mythical cradle of the Incas will be sought in the National Library at Madrid, instead of in the Lake of Titicaca, to which latter place it is assigned by the Hackluyt Society." In the Revue d'Anthropologie, No. 1, 1875, M. Ber makes a communication on the prehistoric populations of Ancon, Peru, with an appendix by M. Topinard. Professor Bastian is now traveling in Peru and Ecuador, examining their antiquities. Dr. Reiss, of Riobamba, Ecuador, sent to the German Anthropological Society, in 1874, some interesting remains of the times of the Incas. Professor Seebach at the same meeting gave an ethnographical scheme of the Central American tribes. Professor Hartt, in his treatise on pottery, promises an extended work on Brazilian antiquities. Francesco P. Moreno has published in Buenos Ayres, "Noticias sobre antiquidades de los Indios del tempo antérior á la Conquista de Buenos Ayres." The most interesting prehistoric find from South America is the skeleton of a fœtus from Peru, presented to the museum of the Laboratory of Anthropology of Paris by Dr. Bourrie. Dr. Paul Broca has made a thorough examination of this specimen with reference to the pretended "os de l'Inca," or the uniform occurrence of a supernumerary bone in this race, similar to the intraparietal of some mammals. He concludes, "It is certain that the great majority of Peruvian skulls do not possess this intraparietal bone, but the phenomenon occurs often enough to render it probable that it occurs more frequently among the Peruvians than in any other race." The whole subject of North American Archæology is reviewed in the fourth volume of Bancroft's "Native Races," embracing among other matters the latest researches of |