Barium, 206; Precipitation of Metals by Zinc, 207; Specific Heat of Car- ́

bon, Boron, and Silicon, 213; a Hydrate of Carbon, 214; the Composition

of Bleaching-powder, 219; Gallium, a Supposed New Chemical Element,

223; Purification of Tin by Filtration, 206; the Artificial Imitation of Na-

tive Magnetic Platinum, 206; Crystallized Cadmium, 205; the Combusti-

bility of Iron, 209; New Method of Assaying Iron, 209; Utilization of the

Pyrite Deposits of the Blue Ridge, 210; Hydrogenized Iron, 217; a Brittle

Alloy of Iron and Hydrogen, 218; to Detect Lead in the Tin Lining of

Vessels, 210; Precipitation of Metals by Zinc, 207; Copper in the Human

Body, 233; Absorption of Hydrogen by Metals, 208; the Physical Proper-

ties of Hydrogenium, 209; Peroxide of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere, 230;

Decolorizing Properties of Ozone, 215; New Facts concerning Ozone, 215.
Organic Compounds: Cryohydrates, 214; Carbonic Oxide in Tobacco

Smoke, 216; Mellilotol, 216; Manufacture of Artificial Vanilla, 217; Source

of the Acid of the Gastric Juice, 221; Decomposition of Chloral Hydrate

in the System, 222; Constitution of Ammonium and its Derivatives, 224:

Constitution of Gum Tragacanth, 225; Carbonyles, a New Class of Organic

Bodies, 226; Hæmatin not Ferruginous, 227; on a New Coloring Matter

called Eosin, 229; Tartronic Acid a Glycerine Oxidation Product, 231;

Relative Amounts of Potash and Soda in Milk and Other Food, and in the

Entire Body, 233.

E. MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY................

(a.) MINERALOGY. (xcvi)

..(xcvi) 235

Wapplerite, 244; Clarite, 244; Chalcophanite, 244; Melanosiderite, a New

Mineral, 248; Zonochlorite and Chlorastrolite, 244.

(b.) GEOLOGY. (xcix)

Pot-holes, or "Giant Kettles," 235; Champlain Deposits of Southern New

England, 246; Gas-wells of Pennsylvania, 247; Probable Age of the Crys-

talline Rocks of the Southern Appalachians, 236; Tin in New South Wales,

242; Discovery of a Bed of Nickel in Norway, 237; Magnetic Sand in

Labrador, 237; Interesting Phenomena Observed in Stone Quarries, 238;

Changes of Level on the Coast of Maine, 238; New Mining Region in New

Mexico and Arizona, 240; Geology of Costa Rica, 241; Falling of Atmos-

pheric Dust in Norway, March 29 and 30, 1875, 241; Gold in Eastern

Siberia, 243; Origin of the Red Chalk and the Red Clay, 243; the Massa-

chusetts Silver-lead Mines, 245; Petroleum Springs in North Germany,

240; Coal-mines in Russia, 240; Coal-field near Dranista, 241; Coal in the

Strait of Magellan, 142; Gas-wells of Pennsylvania, 247.

F. GEOGRAPHY.

.(cxiv) 249

(a.) GEODESY, NAVIGATION, AND HYDROGRAPHY. (cxiv)

On the Proper Arrangement of Geodetic Triangulations, 250; Geodesy in

Switzerland, 251; Trigonometrical Survey of India, 251; Progress of Baro-

metric Hypsometry, 254; the Trigonometrical Survey of India, 259; Geo-

detic Signals used in the Adirondack Survey, 260; Correction of Levels,

302; Hypsometry in California, 303; the Stadiometer, 304; the Harbor of

New York, 252; the Difference of Level between Raritan Bay and the

Delaware River, 253; New Route between Australia and China, 254.

(b.) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY,

The Mean Height of Europe above the Sea Level, 251; Decrease of Water

in European Rivers in the Present Century, 255; Physical Peculiarities of

the Upper Volga, 255; Physical Character of Rodriguez, 256.

(c.) EXPLORATIONS. (cxv)

The Arctic Regions; the Ocean and its Depths (see Summary, p. cxviii).

North America: Report of a Reconnaissance of Northwestern Wyoming,

249; Topography of Michigan, 257; the Saranac Exploring Expedition,

260; Explorations under Dr. Hayden in 1875, 263; Explorations under

Major Powell in 1875, 286; Explorations and Surveys under Lieutenant

George M. Wheeler, U. S. Army, in 1875, 293; Major Powell's Final Report,.

298; Northern Boundary Surveys, 300; Source of the Hudson, 301.

Asia: Fritsche's Travels in China, 297.-Africa (see Summary, p. cxxix).

-Australia and Polynesia: Experiences of the "Basilisk " in New Guin-

ea, 256; Mr. Forrest's Exploration of Australia, 257.

G. GENERAL NATURAL HISTORY AND ZOOLOGY..

. (clxxvii) 305

(a.) ZOOLOGY IN GENERAL.

General: Origin of Animal Forms, 305; Living Animals Corresponding

to those of Prehistoric Ages, 308; Antiquity of the Caverns and Cavern

Life of the Ohio Valley, 309; Discovery of Animal Remains in the Lignite

Beds of the Saskatchewan District, 311; Fauna of the Mammoth Cave,

313; Fossils in the Coal-measures of Ohio, 308; Vertebrates found in the

Deposits of the Eocene Lake in New Mexico, 322; Extinct Animals in

Rodriguez, 353; Another Link Connecting Birds and Reptiles, 357.—

Taxidermy: New Mode of Embalming, 310; Restoring the Red Color of

Alcoholic Preparations, 312.

(b.) FAUNAS.

Fauna of the Caspian, 351.

(c.) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.

The Skeleton: The Agency of Atmospheric Pressure in Causing the Union

of the Joints of the Human Body, 314.-The Nervous System: The Func-

tions of certain Canals in the Ear of Man and the Mammalia, 311; Leucithine

and Cerebrine, 316; Change of Color in the Chameleon, 353; Influence of

Temperature on Nervous Sensibility, 355; Comparatively Small Brain in

Extinct Animals, 356.-The Digestive, Secretive, and Respiratory Syɛ-

tems: The Intestinal Secretions, 310; Acid of the Gastric Juice, 315; Re-

searches on the Secretion of Honey, 316; New Substance in Urine,

320; on the Evaporation from the Human Skin, 321; Wind Pressures

in the Human Chest, 317.-The Circulation: Gases in the Coagulation

of the Blood, 317; the Diameter of the Red Globules of Blood, 318; the

Gases of the Blood, 318; the Pigment Scales of the Blood, 319.-Em-

bryology: The Cell-structure of Organic Tissues, 306; Electric Currents

and the Fertilized Eggs of Frogs, 316; is Sex Distinguishable in Egg-

shells? 320; Sex in the Embryo, 358.-General: Influence of the Roots

of Living Vegetables upon Putrefaction, 307; the Physiological Action of

Light, 315.

H

1

(d.) ANTHROPOLOGY. (cli)

General: Mental Ability of Different Races, 321; Boyd Dawkins's "Cave

Hunting," 324; the Antiquity of Human Remains, 331; Artificial Deforma-

tion of Teeth, 356.-Man in the Old World: Cranial Amulets, 332; Stone

Arrow in a Human Tibia, 355; a Strange Race of People Discovered in

India, 323; Human Figure Engraved on Reindeer Horn from the Cave of

Laroche-Berthier, 325; the Lowest of Known Human Forms, 326; Pre-

historic Remains found near Schaffhausen, 327; Efficiency of Ancient

Weapons, 328; Ancient Wells near Ashill, England, 330; the Semangs, a

Primitive Race in India, 331; Origin and True Character of Certain Stone

Weapons, 333; Crania-Ethnica-the Cro-Magnon Race, 333; Representa-

tions of Animals on Bone and Horn by Men of the Reindeer Period, 335;

Kitchen-midding in the Island of St. George, near Athens, 329.-Man in
the New World: Mr. George Latimer's Archæological Collection from
Porto Rico, 325; Stone Knives with Handles, from the Pai-Utes, 326;
Archæology of the Mammoth Cave, 327; the Sacred Fires of the Pueblo
Indians of Taos, 328; Ancient Modes of Burial among the Indians of North
Carolina, 329; Hyde Clark's Comparison of American and Accadian Lan-
guages, 330.

(e.) MAMMALS.

Evolution of the Hog, 334; Origin of the Horns of the Deer, 335; New
Tertiary Mammals, 336; Professor Marsh on a New Order of Mammals:
Tillodontia, 337; Eotherium Ægyptiacum, a New Fossil Sirenian, 337; Sir
Victor Brooke on Cervus Brownii, 337; a New Kangaroo from New
Guinea, 338; Dr. Coues on the Mice of North America, 338; Food of the
Mastodon, 339; Domesticated Animals among the Ancients, 352.
(f.) BIRDS.

Barnacles on Birds, 338; Discovery in Newfoundland of Bones of the Great
Auk, 339; Habits of Kingfishers, 339; the Flight of Birds, 340; Professor
Alfred Newton on the Migration of Birds, 340; Introduction of the Ameri-
can Turkey, 354; Occurrence of Moa in New Zealand, 359.

(g.) REPTILES AND AMPHIBIA.

New Species of Serpent, 342; New Serpent from Florida, 342; Resemblance

of Extinct Tortoises to Living Ones, 342; the Hybridization of Salaman-

ders, 342; Fossil Salamander: Salamandrella Petroli, 343; the Batrachia

and Reptilia of North America, 343.

(h.) FISHES.

Grayling in the Au Sable River, Michigan, 344; Respiration of the Leach,

345; Monograph on the Anguilliform Fish, 345; Habits of Eels, 346; Soft-

ness of Bones in Old Congers, 347; Leptocephali are Larval Forms of

Congers, etc., 348; Largest Pike ever taken in England, 346; Fossil Lepi-

dosteus, 347; Reproductive Season of the Cod on the Faroe Islands, 347.

(i.) ARTICULATES.

Scudder on the Butterflies of the Genus Pamphila, 349; Flight of Butter-

flies, 354; Dimorphism in Certain Butterflies, 357; Habits of Bees, Wasps,

and Ants, 349; Occurrence of a Cochineal Insect in Nebraska, 350; Mineral

Substances in the Articulata, 350; Capture of Insects by "Fly-catching"

Plants, 350; Gigantic Marine Worm, 352; the Palolo Worm, 359.

L

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(J.) MOLLUSKS.

Giant Cuttle-fish found on the Grand Bank, December, 1874, 351.

(k.) RADIATES.

Have Jelly-fishes a Nervous System? 348.

H. BOTANY....

. (ccx) 361

Floras: Modern and Tertiary Floras, 361; Catalogue of the Flora of Ne-

braska, 362; Vegetation of Amsterdam and St. Paul's Islands, 362; List of

North American Algæ, 363; Botany of the Libyan Desert, 363; Fossil

Flora of the Western Territories, 364; Distribution of the Ferns of North

America, 372; a Buried Forest in Orwell, England, 372.

Publications: Proposed Work on American Forest Trees, 377; Fossil

Flora of the Western Territories, 364; a New Work by Mr. Darwin, 375,

377; New Work on Medicinal Plants, 378; Revision of the Tulipeæ, 371.

Vegetable Physiology: Maximum and Minimum Temperature at

which Certain Seeds will Germinate, 364; Assisting the Germination of

Seeds, 364; Absorption of Oxygen by Plants in the Dark, 365; Transfer

of the Albuminoids of the Seed into the Plantlet, 365; Effect of Chloroform

on Vegetable Infusions, 366; Effect of Solutions on a Growing Vine, 366;

Heat and Vegetation, 367, 368; the Respiration of Leaves in the Dark,

369; Stimulating Action of Camphor on Plants, 375; Influence of Ammo-

nia on the Colors of Flowers, 376; Fertilization of a Fern, 378.

Constituents of Plants: Iodine and Bromine in Fresh-water Plants,

370; Organic Substances in the Plant, 370; Resin in the Agaric, 371; Os-

truthin, a New Vegetable Principle, 371; Coptine, 372; Colors of Flowers,

376; Chemical Composition of Plants, 372.

Particular Plants: the Bladderwort a Carnivorous Plant, 374; New

Species of Glaucium, 374; Hollyhock Fungus, 376.

L AGRICULTURE AND RURAL ECONOMY...

(ccxx) 379

In General: Austrian Plan for Supplying Agricultural Text-books, 380.

The Soil: Removal of Acid from the Soil by Oil-producing Plants, 380;

Absorption of Ammonia, etc., from Solutions by the Soil, 383.

Manures and Fertilizers: Continued Supply of Guano, 380; Artificial

Guano, 381; First Annual Report of the Massachusetts Inspector of Fertil-

izers, 381; New Guano Deposits in Peru, 382; Chemical Analysis of Fer-

tilizers, 382; Fish-guano, particularly the Fatless, Dried, so-called Polar

Fish-guano, 384; Deterioration of Superphosphates with Age, 386; New
Mineral Manure, 386; Field Experiments with various Fertilizers at the
Bussey Institution, 398.

Useful Animals: Lustre Sheep, a New Breed, 387; Method of Retard-
ing the Development of Silk-worms, 387.-Their Diseases: Horse-pox, 390.
Noxious Animals: Professor Dumas and the Phylloxera, 388; Phyllox-

era Remedies, 388; Destruction of Earth-worms on Grass-plots, Walks, etc.,

389; the Destruction of Small Birds the Cause of the Spread of Phylloxera,

389; the Cotton-worm, 389.

Vegetable Products: Noxious Exhalations from the Meadow-saffron,

379; Various Insect-powders, 379; Dry Rot of the Lemon, 391; Preserva-

tion of Fruit, 391; New Kind of Spinach, 391; Best Shape for Fruit-trees,

392; New Facts in the History of the Potato Blight, 392; Investigation

of the Potato Disease, 392; Farlow on the Potato Rot, 393; New Discovery

in Connection with the Potato Disease, 395; Cultivation of the Asparagus

in France, 394; Continuous Corn-growing, 396.

J. PISCICULTURE AND THE FISHERIES...

(a.) THE FISHERIES.

(ccxxiv) 405

Exhibitions: the New Westminster Aquarium, 422; Change of Water in

Aquaria, 426; Yarmouth Aquarium, 440.-Commissions: Operations of

the United States Fish Commission in 1875, 429; United States Salmon-

hatching Establishment, 434; Report of the Fish Commission of Canada,

405; Ninth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Commissioners of Fish-

eries, 406; Ninth Report of the Fish Commissioners of Connecticut, 406;

First Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Michigan, 407; First

Annual Report of the Fish Commissioners of Minnesota, 408; Fifth Report

of the Fish Commissioners of Rhode Island, 408; Report of the Fish Com-

missioners of Pennsylvania for 1874, 409; Report of the Fish Commissioners

of New Hampshire for 1874, 410; Second Report of the Fish Commissioners

of Vermont, 411; First Report of the Fish Commissioners of Wisconsin,

411; Report of the Fish Commission of Virginia, 435; Seventh Annual

Report of the Fish Commissioners of New York, 437.

General Facts and Statistics: Fish Consumption of Washington in

1874, 415; Inspection of Fish in the Washington City Market, 1875, 436;

Fish at Great Depths, 425; New Fish Product, 435; Gloucester Fisheries

in 1875, 439; Fisheries of the Arctic Regions, 439; Newfoundland Fisheries

in 1874-5, 427.-Special Fisheries-Seal: Fisheries and Seal-hunting in

the White Sea and Northern Ocean, 413; Close Time for the Capture of

Seals, 414; Bad Condition of the Hair-seal Fisheries, 414.-- Menhaden:

Menhaden Oil and Guano, 417.- Herring: Physical Condition of the

Herring Fishery, 433.-Cod: Manufacture of Cod-liver Oil, 428.-Appa-

ratus: Objection to the Use of Submerged Net-weirs, 413; Illumination

for Attracting Fish, 428.

(b.) FISH-CULTURE.

Associations: Third Annual Report of the American Fish-culturists' Asso-

ciation, 412; Meeting of the American Fish-culturists' Association, 412.-

General Considerations: Effect of Polluted Water on Fishes, 416; In-

crease of English Fishes in Tasmania, 419; French Prizes for American

Fish, 426; Piscicultural Prizes, 425; Fish-culture in China, 427; Animal

Incrustation on the "Great Eastern," 432; Hybrid Fish, 418.-Particular

Species: Experiments with Young Maine Salmon, 418; Salmon in the

San Joaquin, 430; Salmon Trade of the Columbia River, 431; Marked

Salmon, 432; Salmon in the Sacramento River, 432; United States Salmon-

hatching Establishment, 434; Failure in Introducing Salmon and Trout,

439; Distribution of Trout Eggs from Tasmania to the Neighboring Colo-

nies, 420; Food for Trout, 433; Mr. C. G. Atkins's Experiments on the

Artificial Hatching of the Smelt, 421; Importation of the Gourami into

Paris, 420; Seth Green's Artificial Hatching of Sturgeon, 422; French

Method of Oyster-culture, 420; Growth of Oysters in France, 439.

DOME