Mr. Husband proposed as a remedy to provide for the emergency, first, to fix a reasonable limit to the volume of immigration that may be admitted from any country for any one year, but leaving the way open for the admission of emergency labor, and for the exercise of humanity in individual cases; second, to make such restriction apply, first, in the cases of peoples who came here to remain temporarily, and who were known to assimilate slowly, leaving the way open for the unhampered coming of peoples who have readily been assimilated in the past, and, third, the promotion of a beneficial distribution of immigration and development of a definite policy and plan to put immigrants on the land, especially waste land. He believed that either the Sterling bill or the Dillingham bill would succeed in limiting immigration to a percentage of immigrants already in the United States.

Mr. Husband said that prewar immigration was definitely in excess of the needs, he wouldn't say of the country as a whole, but of the parts of the country where most of it went. But he did not think that an addition of 500,000 or 600,000, or even 2,000,000, of the right sort, if properly distributed, would do any harm and the economic condition of the country did not warrant a suspension of immigration.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. J. H. PATTEN, REPRESENTING THE PATRIOTIC ORDER SONS OF AMERICA.

Mr. Patten said he represented an organization that advocated the American school system, and contended that an elementary education better fits a person for citizenship, and that the ignorant and the illiterate constituted a more fertile field for the educated rascal and irresponsible agitator than the literate. His organization had always taken a deep interest in immigration legislation, and was opposed to any foreign interests in our State or national affairs. Its members believed in putting the determination of our immigration policy ahead of business and every other consideration except its effect upon America, For that reason they would suggest that even the handmade-cigar factories of Tampa, the large cotton and sugar plantations of the Southwest, and similar employing interests should bow to the public school principle and help instead of hindering the banishment of ignorance and illiteracy from the country.

Mr. Patten said that his organization agreed with Theodore Roosevelt that we had room for only one language in this country, and that that was the American language. They thought that 10,000,000 unnaturalized aliens, over 5,000,000 illiterates, and 3,000,000 more unable to speak our language constituted a condition that ought not to be further enlarged by importations from abroad no matter what happened to the citrus fruit and cigar industry of Florida, garment making in New York, sugar plantations in the Southwest, or the open shop. It was, he said, a mere trickle of not more than 7,000 Negroes a year that caused the Civil War and saddled the country with problems that still continued to vex us. Never were 4,000,000 bales of cotton produced under slavery; to-day 16,000,000 bales were grown. He did not believe that Americans were too proud to do manual labor, and he did not share the statement made before the committee that native-born Americans had a greater tendency to crime than aliens. Statisticians did not always come to the same

conclusion. Ninety per cent of the communist and anarchist agitation last year came from aliens, as was shown from the report of the Attorney General.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. GEORGE McK. MCCLELLAN,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Mr. McClellan, who said he had made a special study of immigration for two years, indicted the present immigration practice on the grounds that control and direction were scarcely attempted; that it treated a vast country as one immigration unit of destination and vocation; that it granted to the untried alien full and unrestricted admission; that it left to the restless masses of Europe and to the activities of large steamship companies the real determination of the volume, character, and destination of our immigration.

Mr. McClellan contended that a comprehensive immigration plan must embody flexibility under varying conditions, and control of volume, distribution, and general lines of occupation to be followed by the immigrant. Finally, it should condition the alien's right to land and to remain upon compliance with definite steps toward citizenship. Immigration had been allowed to make its own volume and remain alien.

Mr. McClellan said that neither Congress nor the country believe we could become a hermit Republic, with our doors long closed to immigration. But a new immigration system was needed. The mechanism of the new system would center in a board of immigration control. The control system itself should be built on three new bases. First, he placed the revocation of the full permission now given to immigrants. The immigrant should be put in line for citizenship if he fulfilled its reasonable requirements; otherwise he should within a period of five years be deported without right of reentry. His permit should limit him to certain groups of occupations, and also to certain locations. A second important basis would be a system whereby proper officials would decide and select the members and occupational classes to be admitted in any given year. The third basis would be the creation of both facilities and requirements that definitely tended to fit the alien for citizenship.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF HON. ANTHONY CAMINETTI, COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.

Mr. Caminetti said that what constituted an emergency was a matter of judgment and depended upon the circumstances. He had been abroad to note immigration conditions at the principal immigration centers of Europe, and had visited England, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Jugoslavia. All of these countries took a great deal of interest in their nationals and did not desire that anyone should depart from their States unless prepared to stand the immigration tests.

Mr. Caminetti said that the people of Europe desirous of emigrating might be divided into the following classes: First, those whose passage was delayed by the World War; second, dependents joining relatives; third, middle-class people, such as ex-government officials and military officers, etc., who found it no longer possible to keep up appearances at home; fourth, working classes which desired to find

a more open field for their activities than was possible at home now; fifth, people where new boundaries placed their homes in countries racially alien to them; and sixth, those who left Europe years ago, but returned after the World War.

It was not to be expected, said Mr. Caminetti, that there would be any appreciable emigration from France and Belgium, or any considerable emigration from Holland or Switzerland. There was a strong desire on the part of the middle and laboring classes of Germany and Austria to migrate. While the Governments of those countries did not desire their workers to emigrate, they were not likely to place any insuperable difficulty in the way. More immigrants were to be expected from the middle class than from the laboring class of Hungary. Hungarian peasants residents in ceded districts might, however, elect to emigrate. Germans in Czechoslovakia, numbering half the inhabitants, might also be expected to emigrate, while Slovak emigration might increase. Poland was overpopulated, and emigration seemed to be the outlet for the surpluspopulation. Some Rumanians would emigrate, but probably few from the peasant class. Bulgarian emigration was problematical. There would probably be active emigration from Jugoslavia.

Mr. Caminetti said that the rising tide of immigration bade fair to grow by leaps and bounds, unless checked. He did not agree with Miss Kellor that there was likely to be much emigration of Europeans. to Russia. From all the indications he had seen, the movement all over Europe was in the direction of the United States. There was some emigration to South America, but not in great numbers. European countries were in so much worse condition than the United States that people would rather come here, even with conditions of unemployment as reported, and take a chance, than remain in Europe, Steamship companies were enlarging their fleets and preparing to enlarge their harbor accommodations, immigrant hotels and barracks were being placed in preparation to meet the increase in traffic expected in the spring. These things indicated the dangers imminent to this country by the rising tide. The reason why there was a difference between the immigration in November, when 103,000 immigrants came, and in December, when 92,000 came, was due to the marked effect in Europe of the passing of the Johnson bill. Transportation facilities were all below the prewar standards, but in spite of unfavorable conditions the peoples were moving out in large numbers. There were firms and companies that labored to stimulate immigration, nor were any of them violating the law in a sense which would render applicable to them the penal or criminal law in force.

Mr. Caminetti said that the experience of our country as regards immigration was unique. No other state had ever admitted so many aliens, none other had ever done so much for the aliens who were admitted. Many aliens had gone to the farm at one time, but now immigration was of necessity drawn to the industrial centers, which centers had now become the homes of a majority of our population. The migration of aliens to the cities would have been long deferred, or entirely avoided, if our Government had begun to pursue in 1890 a selfish policy. More than 18,000,000 aliens had been allowed to enter the country since that date, and the greater number of them had settled in the cities. Even before the war there had been need of protective measures. We had properly protected our commerce,,

and had passed laws to prevent dumping, and the same principle applied to the protection of the people here. There were on January 1, about 3,477,000 unemployed in the United States, and relief of some sort was needed.

Mr. Caminetti thought that a plan should be provided for the temporary admission of labor for a given time, to meet a special demand for labor. He did not favor the admission of contract. labor, except as provided by law.

Mr. Caminetti called the attention of the committee to the fact that, in spite of soviet Russia's supposed refusal to permit emigration, it was an open secret in Europe that many Russians were leaving their country. The Paris Temps had said that 23,466 of such Russians were in Paris alone on December 31. Mr. Caminetti thought that, in view of the propaganda carried on under the approval, if not the direction, of Lenin, it were well to continue on guard. The barriers that our Government had devised to detect dangerous. aliens had been well-devised, he said, but we were not always able to trace the records of some who wished to come here. It was not always possible to detect dangerous elements, because their standing in their communities was such that their connection with the elements mentioned was not suspected. Forged passports traced to Essen, Germany, and Warsaw, Poland, added to the difficulty our officials had encountered. Dangerous aliens were well-organized in practically all European countries.

Mr. Caminetti said we should continue the visé, materially strengthen the system so as to give the representatives of this country abroad the necessary power to enable them to keep out all dangerous classes, as far as it was practicable to do so, by meeting them at their source, and further to consider what new barriers and safeguards could be devised to protect us. It might be necessary to consider whether immigration from countries that acknowledged such doctrines as bolshevism and communism should not be made inadmissible; also whether before a visé was granted an applicant coming from countries where bolshevik or communist parties exist, he should be required to satisfy the consular authorities that he was not a member of an anarchistic, communistic, or bolshevik organization.

COMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION,

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Monday, April 25, 1921.

A subcommittee consisting of Mr. Johnson, Mr. Vaile, and Mr Free assembled at 10.30 o'clock a. m., pursuant to call by the chairman, Hon. Albert Johnson (chairman) presiding.

The CHAIRMAN. Since the meetings of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization on various days of last week and the week before, the bill (H. R. 4075) has been reported to the House, and was accepted by the House with certain amendments. It now goes to the Senate, and I believe it well to make the text of the bill as amended and passed by the House a part of these hearings. Without objection that will be done.

Following is the text of H. R. 4075 as amended and passed by the House of Representatives.

[H. R. 4075, Sixty-seventh Congress, first session.]

A BILL To limit the immigration of aliens into the United States.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That as used in this act

The term "United States" means the United States and any waters, territory, or other place subject to the jurisidiction thereof, except the Canal Zone and the Philippine Islands; but if any alien leaves the Canal Zone or any insular possession of the United States and attempts to enter any other place under the jurisdiction of the United States, nothing contained in this act shall be construed as permitting him to enter under any other conditions than those applicable to all aliens.

The word “alien" includes any person not a native-born or naturalized citizen of the United States, but this definition shall not be held to include Indians of the United States not taxed nor citizens of the islands under the jurisdiction of the United States.

The term "immigration act" means the act of February 5, 1917, entitled "An act to regulate the immigration of aliens to and the residence of aliens in the United States"; and the term "immigration laws" includes such act and all laws, conventions, and treaties of the United States relating to the immigration, exclusion, or expulsion of aliens.

SEC. 2. (a) That the number of aliens of any nationality who may be admitted under the immigration laws to the United States in any fiscal year shall be limited to 3 per cent of the number of foreign-born persons of such nationality resident in the United States as determined by the United States census of 1910. This provision shall not apply to the following, and they shall not be counted in reckoning any of the percentage limits provided in this act: (1) Government officials, their families, attendants, servants, and employees; (2) aliens residing in the United States who return from a temporary visit abroad; (3) aliens in continuous transit through the United States; (4) aliens lawfully admitted to the United States who later go in transit from one part of the United States to another through foreign contiguous territory; (5) aliens visiting the United States as tourists or temporarily for business or pleasure; (6) aliens from countries immigration from which is regulated in accordance with treaties or agreements relating solely to immigration; (7) aliens from the so-called Asiatic barred zone, as described in section 3 of the immigration act; (8) aliens who have resided continuously for at least one year immediately preceding the time of their admission to the United States in the Dominion of Canada, Newfoundland, the Republic of Cuba, the Republic of Mexico, countries of Central or South America, or adjacent islands; (9) aliens entitled to readmission to the United States under the provisions of the joint resolution entitled, "Joint resolution authorizing the readmission to the United States of certain aliens who have been conscripted or have volunteered for service with the military forces of the United States or cobelligerent forces," approved October 19, 1918; (10) aliens who prove to the satisfaction of the proper immigration officer or the Secretary of Labor that they are actually subjects of religious persecution in the country of their last permanent residence and are seeking admission to the United States solely to avoid the suffering and hardship involved in such persecution; or (11) aliens under the age of 18 who are children of citizens of the United States. (b) For the purposes of this act nationality shall be determined by country of birth, treating as separate countries the colonies or dependencies for which separate enumeration was made in the United States census of 1910.

(c) The Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor, jointly, shall, as soon as feasible after the passage of this act, prepare a statement showing the number of persons of the various nationalities resident in the United States as determined by the United States census of 1910, which statement shall be the population basis for the purposes of this act. In case of changes in political boundaries in foreign countries occurring subsequent to 1910 and resulting (1) in the creation of new countries, the Governments of which are recognized by the United States, or (2) in the transfer of territory from one country to another, such transfer being recognized by the United States, such officials, jointly, shall estimate the number of persons resident in the United States in 1910 who were born within the area included in such new countries or in such territory so transferred, and revise the population basis as to each country involved in such change of political boundary. For the purposes of such revision and for the purposes of this act generally aliens born in the area included in any such new country shall be considered as having been born in such country, and aliens born in any territory so transferred shall be considered as having been born in the country to which such territory was transferred.