rapidly. There were about 15,000 workers of all classes in the factories. Some of the work could be done by local labor, but the cigarmaking trade, by the Spanish hand method employed in Tampa, had to be learned in youth while fingers were supple. The trade was not popular with the average American laborer. Of those employed approximately 20 per cent were Italians, about 20 per cent Spaniards, and about 55 per cent were Cubans, or of Italian, Spanish, or Cuban parentage. The laborers did not come into competition with American skilled labor. A large percentage of them had learned their trade in Cuba and returned to Cuba. They were a temperamental people and had to be kept satisfied. They were usually law-abiding. The weekly pay roll in the factories was approximately $30,000, and the welfare of Tampa merchants and other business men was largely dependent upon the prosperity of the cigar industry. In 19 years the cigar industry of Tampa had paid to the United States Government $19,297,323, while the customs had produced $32,496,579. He believed that the Government could count on $6,000,000 a year in revenue from now on. He wanted the door to Cuba left open.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF HON. S. M. SPARKMAN, REPRESENTING THE BOARD OF TRADE OF THE CITY OF TAMPA, FLA.

Mr. Sparkman said that Mr. McKay had covered the ground so thoroughly that he did not feel it necessary to go into many of the matters touched on, but he wished to point out that Cuba occupied a unique relation to the United States, in that we exercised a kind of guardianship over Cuba. The Cuban was not an undesirable citizen. He was an expert laborer, who did not come into competition with any other class of American labor. There was no other American cigar that met the bill quite so well as the Tampa cigar, and he hoped that nothing would be done to injure the business.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. HUGH C. MacFARLANE, OF TAMPA, FLA.

Mr. MacFarlane said that he did not know as he could add to anything that had been said, but he pointed out that the business men of his locality had always felt that Cuba was a part of the United States as far as interchange of business and labor was concerned.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF CONGRESSMAN HUDSPETH, OF THE SIXTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS.

Mr. Hudspeth suggested an amendment to the bill which would enable the beet growers, cotton raisers, and owners of live stock to employ the Mexican labor to which they had been accustomed, and which he said was indispensable to the success of these industries.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF DR. HENRY W. BERG, REPRESENTING THE TAXPAYERS' ASSOCIATION OF GREATER NEW YORK.

Dr. Berg said that the hardships experienced in this country from lack of proper housing were due to a lack of sufficient labor to build houses at a proper price. Lack of employment here would discourage immigration. It had done so in 1907. The Argentine Republic got some of the immigration which we lost. It desired this immigration now. This Republic had great natural resources of gold, silver, coal,

oil, and vast fields upon which wheat and live stock could be raised, and but for the lack of labor coupled with inferior institutions would be a dangerous competitor of the United States. The great wealth of the United States had come from the large number of people in the country. He would regulate immigration, but he would never limit it. Dr. Berg declared that when economic laws were allowed to play their rôle in full, you had a perfect government, and you never saw any type of surplus in the way of labor for more than a few months. As long as we have undeveloped natural resources there should be no limitation of immigration.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. LOUIS J. SCARAMELLI, PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, NEW YORK CITY.

Mr. Scaramelli did not believe that business men or the people in general desired to restrict immigration. That desire came from labor. Statements had been made in Congress that from 15,000,000 to 18,000,000 immigrants were coming here. But statistics showed that there were only 75 passenger ships on which they could come, and that these could bring in only 800,000 or 900,000 in a year. Besides, from 350,000 to 400,000 persons were leaving this country. Mr. Scaramelli said that if the American Federation of Labor were asked to furnish next spring half a million of skilled laborers, such as are used for sewer, canal, and railway work, and for the construction of highways, few could be gotten at any price, because skilled labor in this country will not do that kind of work. As for Italians, there were as many of them going out of the country as were coming in. It had been stated that those who were going out were good and that those who were bad were coming in. But statistics showed that 80 per cent of Italian criminals were born in America.

There was a shortage of labor in this country. He owned a canning house in Maryland, and for two years had not been able to obtain pickers at a reasonable price. He thought we needed immigration. He would not limit it.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF JUDGE LEON SANDERS, OF NEW YORK CITY, REPRESENTING THE HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

Judge Sanders said that there was no emergency warranting any restrictive immigration legislation at this time. Much had been said about the number of immigrants who had arrived; but figures showed that the total arrivals in the United States from Europe, from January 1, 1920, to November 30, 1920, were as follows: First class, 63,695; second class, 121,090; third class, 439,563; a total of 624,348.

During the same period the departures from the United States were as follows: First class, 60,159; second class, 87,187; third class, 280,165; a total of 427,501.

This left an excess of arrivals over departures of only 196,847, for the 11 months of the year referred to. The speaker said he challenged anybody to dispute his figures. The immigrants who were coming now would have come during the last six years if traveling conditions had been normal. Immigrants at present were largely

women and children destined to the heads of American citizens or declarants. He said that the statement that foreign societies send money to persons in Europe, so that they can show this amount at Ellis Island, the money later going back to the societies, was known to him to be false.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. HERBERT L. FLAM, NEW YORK CITY, REPRESENTING THE ASSOCIATED DRESS MANUFACTURERS.

Mr. Flam said that he represented 600 dress manufacturers, employing 50,000 persons. Their employees, whose weekly wage was over $2,000,000, were aliens whom the bill intended to prevent from entering the country. But if immigration were restricted, so as to shut off this source of supply, they would be compelled to raise prices rather than reduce them. Every year 30 per cent of the girls they employed quit to get married. This loss must be replenished from Europe. American girls would not work in the shops, even though they were offered more money than they were receiving. He did not know why it was, but American girls who could make dresses at home thought that the shop was beneath them. His firms had advertised for drapers, offering from $40 to $50, but not an American girl had come in. He dared to say that 90 per cent of the work of making clothes was done by aliens.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. LOUIS MARSHALL, 120 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, REPRESENTING THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE.

Mr. Marshall said that immigration had been in progress for a century, and there had been no abuse resulting from immigration. Until 1820 there had been comparatively little immigration, except that of the original settlers. When the first immigrants began arriving they were not welcomed. They came from Ireland, England, and Germany, and a great deal was said about the harm and evil they would do to our country; an alien race threatened our prosperity.

But we did not suffer from that immigration, and from year to year the number of immigrants increased. There had been periods of economic depression, and whenever there had been such a depression, more or less of an outcry against the immigrant resulted. The panic of 1857 was preceded by the "know-nothing" movement, the cry of America for the Americans, the idea then being that all immigration was evil.

But we passed through that period, only to hear the same outcry when the panic of 1873 arrived. We heard it again in 1895, when for the first time in our history it was sought to introduce into the immigration law the literacy test. And so it subsequently occurred in 1907. There has never been a panic in this country when there has not been this outcry.

Mr. Marshall said that the country had not only lived through all these panics, but he ventured to say that the immigrants helped us through those periods of stress. His own parents had been immigrants. The mother of President Wilson was an immigrant, and so were the parents of Judge Hughes. One ran up against the immigrant strain in going through the list of Members of the House of

Representatives and Senate. Those who regard the alien as a destructive force forget that in the last century probably 75 per cent of the population descended from immigrants. The great national works transcontinental railroads, canals, all the great industries had been built by immigrants. Faith in immigrants had never been misplaced. They had helped to win all our wars. They did it in the Civil War. They had done so in the late war.

Mr. Marshall believed that the later immigrants were as capable of being assimilated as the earlier ones. The only reason why they had not been assimilated so readily was because this country had not done its duty to the immigrant. If our country allowed these immigrants to be exploited, instead of giving them the education that they craved, the assimilation would not be rapid. Assimilation, however, did not depend on the way a man cut his beard or because of the clothes he wore. A man could be a true American if he did not get his Americanism through an English newspaper. The best American he had ever known was his mother, who could not read the English language and could scarcely speak it.

Mr. Marshall said that the more recent immigrants were men not as well known as the older immigrants, and to some extent they were men who had not yet taken root. But they did settle down as soon as possible. There were men in Syracuse who had come from southern and eastern Europe whose sons had entered the learned professions. They had become physicians, lawyers, and clergymen. Their daughters had become teachers.

Those who labored here and returned to their former homes had done honest work and left something behind them. He did not think that there was any cause of complaint here. In regard to newspapers printed in alien tongues, not more than 2 per cent were tainted with ideas of communism or views that led to destruction and disruption. There were newspapers printed in the English language with a much greater circulation, published by college professors, which did more harm than all the alien papers combined could have done. There were parlor meetings held in the English language by people who hated America because America was not exactly the country they would have made it. But the people who read the foreign-language newspapers took America for granted.

Mr. Marshall asserted that it was the ideas which control, not the language they were expressed in. There was a great need in this country of knowing foreign languages. If we desired to do business with South America, we should need to learn the languages of the South American peoples, and the same thing was true if we desired to do business with other lands.

In regard to the threatened flood of immigration to this country, Mr. Marshall said that there were persons in Europe who would like to join their relatives here, but the number who could come was limited. It was an expensive thing for men, women, or children to come to this country, and funds were not forthcoming. Besides the economic requirements of the European countries were such that they could not and would not permit any large amount of emigration from their respective countries. He did not know of any intention on the part of millions of Europeans to come to this country. So far as he had any knowledge, there was no movement on the part of any foreign government to send to this country any

minority which might be a disturbing element. The Jews of Poland now felt that they had as much interest in their country as any other part of the population, and they would continue to live there. The same thing was true of the Jews in all the other eastern countries of Europe. The Polish Government did not want the Jews to leave the country, and it had placed difficulties in the way of those who desired to leave.

Mr. Marshall said that we had gotten to thinking in terms of emergency on account of the war. We needed to get back to our oldfashioned way of thinking on constitutional questions. He admitted that there are persons of a type who ought not to be admitted to America, but these persons were excluded to-day. We did not want criminals, people of a low mentality, or the physically unfit. The question of public health, too, was important. The immigrant who came here should have a thorough examination to ascertain whether he was in good health or not. Immigrants were now treated at Ellis Island like cattle. More inspectors were needed, and of the type which would not perform their duties perfunctorily.

He agreed that undesirables should not be permitted to land here, but present evils he would cure by strengthening the present machinery, or by seeing that the administrative machinery was properly put into operation, in accordance with the suggestion of the chairman of the committee.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. MAX PINE, REPRESENTING THE UNITED HEBREW TRADES-UNION IMMIGRATION BUREAU AND THE UNITED HEBREW TRADES.

Mr. Pine said that the organizations which he represented were opposed to the Johnson bill because they found it unnecessary and inadvisable to suspend or restrict immigration at this time. The present conditions of depression were not due to immigration. On the contrary, there was a lack of immigration. As trade-unionists, Mr. Pine said they did not fear a few immigrants would undermine American standards of living. If immigrants lowered the standard of living, American wages would be steadily declining, but, as a matter of fact, American wages had steadily mounted up to the present day.

The dominant membership of his organizations consisted of immigrants, though there were also Americans and negroes in them. They represented the needle trade mostly, though there were some members of the tailoring trade and some of the metal trades.

DIGEST OF STATEMENT OF MR. JOHN L. BERNSTEIN, NEW YORK CITY, REPRESENTING THE HEBREW SHELTERING AID SOCIETY.

Mr. Bernstein said that the emergency which had been referred to so many times, it seemed to him, was due to reports which the Immigration Committee had received from abroad, and as the society which he represented had been mentioned several times he wished to have the Senate committee better acquainted with its work. A commissioner of his society had made the statement that if there were a ship capable of holding 3,000,000 human beings the 3,000,000 Jews of Poland would board it to escape to America. It was on that statement that the House Immigration Committee built its so-called