partisans on either side. He sympathizes with rich and` poor, the higher and the lower classes; and so he may calmly and kindly lend the hand of fellowship to both, and reconcile them one with another.. As to the subject matter of this volume it may be properly asked how far is it merely translation, how far adaptation, and how much of original matter does it contain? It would be very difficult to give a precise answer to this question, nor would it help much in the general appreciation of the volume before the reader. The chief object has been throughout the following pages to reproduce in a readable form the arguments of the original author intact, and hence translation in a condensed form has been adopted to a great extent in this volume. The same desire has led the present author in some few instances to translate almost literally the words of the German work, even at the risk of incurring censure from the critics for using a phraseology bearing the impress of German modes of thought and expression. The intelligent reader will make allowances for this peculiarity, since what he loses in style he will gain in the value of a faithful translation, where that is most desirable. The work of adaptation at all times is one surrounded by all but insuperable difficulties. Still there are cases where it is preferable to mere translation. To some extent it has been adopted in this volume, and that for two reasons. In the first place, it was necessary to reduce the original work to one third of its size without the omission of any essential matter; and in the second place the peculiar style of the German work had to be simplified, and to some extent popularized, for English readers. This could only be done by considerably modifying the form, whilst writing entirely in the spirit of the original. In some cases it was found necessary to add original notes, illustrative passages, and other quotations from modern, especially English, authors. In some places it was necessary to recast the matter of the book entirely, so as to adapt it to the varying conditions and ideas prevalent in England and America. The more critical reader may discover from a comparison of this volume with the original work, "Kapitalismus und Socialismus," how far this plan has been successful. The general reader may rest satisfied with the assurance of the present author that he has the sum and substance of Dr. Schäffle's ideas before him in this volume, confirmed by the latter's approval after a careful perusal of the proof-sheets as the book was passing through the press. Thus much having been premised for general guidance, the work is submitted to the consideration of those whom it may concern, with the prayer for an indulgent hearing from THE AUTHOR. THE VICARAGE, CHARD, April, 1874. CONTENTS. 1 Query: Is Labour the source of all Wealth? Definition of On Value. Cost and Value in Use. Importance of estimating Values in practical Economy. Exchange Value. Price. Deductions from the above in reply to Lassalle's Theory of reducing all Value to Labour only. Conjunctures in Property; Private Income; Collective Property. Income Social Combinations of Individuals in the Process of Produc- tion, in Patriarchal, Theocratic, Feudal, and Capitalistic Systems respectively. Vindication of the latter, and its relative Importance considered. The State. Self Help and State Help. Analogies between Constitutional HISTORICAL CRITICISM OF SOCIALISM, AND A REVIEW OF ITS Importance of a just Historical View of Socialism. Eco- nomic Systems of Antiquity. The Gracchi and Modern Modern Ideas of Individual Rights. No Prerogatives. Two one-sided Views. Liberalism and Communism. Old Liberalism, or the Mercantile System. Pure Liberalism. Quesnay and the Physiocrats in France. Adam Smith, CONTENTS. Economic System for combining the Powers of Labour Transition from Communism to Federalism (or Co-operative Systems). I. Half Communism, or Socialism proper. Morelli and Louis Blanc. St. Simon. Bazard. Enfantin. Fourier and Considérant The Peculiar System of PAGE 94 112 Economic Federalism. Marlo its first and foremost Repre- sentative in Germany. Contents and Analysis of his work: (a) Historical Criticism, containing Notes on Class Antagonism in France, England, and Germany; the Social Conditions of Europe and America compared. (b) Positive and Dogmatical Part. Combination of Pro- ductive Powers on Federal Principles. Co-operative Systems, their Advantages and Disadvantages. The true Nature and Objects of Federalistic Institutions. The Leaders of the more recent Socialistic Agitation. Karl Marx, his Opinions. General Remarks. British Legisla- tion in the Interests of Factory Labour. Modes of Expro- priation which the Employers of Labour are said to be guilty of towards their Dependents. Surplus Value of Labour appropriated by the Capitalists, both absolutely and relatively. Normal Day of Labour. Dangerous Ten- dencies of Capital in influencing the temporal and moral Well-being of the People. The English Proletarian |