CHAPTER VIII.

RELICS OF MAN IN THE GLACIAL PERIOD.

In Glacial Terraces of the United States.

ALTHOUGH the first clear evidence of glacial man was discovered in Europe, the problem is so much simpler on the Western Continent that we shall find it profitable to study the American facts first. We will therefore present a summary of them at once, and then proceed to the more obscure problems of European archæology.

The first definite discovery of human relics clearly connected with glacial deposits in America, and of the same age with them, was made by Dr. C. C. Abbott, at Trenton, N. J., in the year 1875. The city of Trenton is built upon a delta terrace about three miles wide which occurs at the head of tide-water on the Delaware River. This terrace bears every mark of having been deposited by a torrential stream which came down the valley during the closing period of the great Ice age. The material of which the terrace consists is all water-worn. According to the description of Professor N. S. Shaler:

"The general structure of the mass is neither that of ordinary boulder-clay nor of stratified gravels, such as are formed by the complete rearrangement by water of the elements of simple drift-deposits. It is made up of boulders, pebbles, and sand, varying in size from masses containing one hundred cubic feet or more to the finest sand of the ordinary sea-beaches. There is little trace of true clay in the deposit; there is rarely enough to give the

least trace of cementation to the masses. The various elements are rather confusedly arranged; the large boulders not being grouped on any particular level, and their major axes not always distinctly coinciding with the horizon. All the pebbles and boulders, so far as observed, are smooth and water-worn, a careful search having failed to show evidence of distinct glacial scratching or polishing on their surfaces. The type of pebble is the subovate or discoidal, and though many depart from this form, yet nearly all observed by me had been worn so as to show that their shape had been determined by running water. The materials comprising the deposit are very varied, but all I observed could apparently with reason be supposed to have come from the extensive valley of the river near which they lie, except perhaps the fragments of some rather rare hypogene rocks."

A conclusive proof of the relation of this Trenton delta terrace to the Glacial period is found in the fact that the gravel deposit is continuous with terraces extending up the trough of the valley of the Delaware to the glaciated

FIG. 64.-Palæolith found by Abbott in New Jersey, slightly reduced.

area and beyond. As, however, the descent of the riverbed is rapid (about four feet to the mile) from the glacial

border down to tide-water, the terrace is not remarkably high, being only about fifteen or twenty feet above the present flood-plain. But it is continuous, and similar in composition with the great enlargement in the delta at Trenton. Without doubt, therefore, the deposit represents the overwash gravel of the Glacial period.

Fortunately for science, Dr. C. C. Abbott, whose tastes for archæological investigations were early developed, had his residence upon the border of this glacial delta terrace at Trenton, and as early as 1875 began to find roughstone implements of a peculiar type in the talus of the bank where the river was undermining the terrace. In turning his attention to the numerous fresh exposures of gravel made by railroad and other excavations during the following year, he found several of the implements in undisturbed strata, some of which were sixteen feet below the surface. Since that time he has continued to make discoveries at various intervals. In 1888 he had found four hundred implements of the paleolithic type at Trenton, sixty of which had been taken from recorded depths in the gravel, two hundred and fifty from the talus at the bluff facing

a

b

b

a

FIG. 65.-Section across the Delaware River at Trenton, New Jersey: a, a, Philadelphia red gravel and brick clay (McGee's Columbia deposit); b, b, Trenton gravel, in which the implements are found; c, present flood-plain of the Delaware River (after Lewis). (From Abbott's Primitive Industry.)

the river, and the remainder from the surface, or derived from collectors who did not record the positions or circumstances under which they were found.

The material from which the implements at Trenton are made is argillite-that is, a clay slate which has been so metamorphosed as to be susceptible of fracture, almost like flint. It is, however, by no means capable of being worked into such delicate forms as flint is. But as it is

the only material in the vicinity capable of being chipped, prehistoric men of that vicinity were compelled to make a

FIG. 66.-Section of the Trenton gravel in which the implements described in the text are found. The shelf on which the man stands is made in process of excavation. The gravel is the same above and below (photograph by Abbott).

virtue of necessity and use the inferior material. Of all the implements found by Dr. Abbott in the gravel, only one was flint; while upon the surface innumerable arrowheads of flint have been found. The transition, also, in the type of implements is as sudden as that in the kind of material of which they are made. Below the superficial deposit of black soil, extending down to the depth of about one foot, the modern Indian flint implements entirely