by Norway to have renounced his American citizenship. If he renews his residence in the kingdom without intent to return to America, he is held to have renounced his American citizenship.

Passports are not required from persons entering or traveling in the kingdom, but they may be called upon to establish their citizenship, and are consequently advised to procure passports.

Persia.

Permission to be naturalized in a foreign country is not granted by the Persian government to a Persian subject if he is under charge for a crime committed in Persia, or is a fugitive from justice, or a deserter from the Persian army, or is in debt in Persia, or fled to avoid pecuniary obligations.

If a Persian subject becomes a citizen of another country with the permission of the Persian government he is forbidden to re-enter Persian territory, and if he had any property in Persia he is ordered to sell or dispose of it.

There is no treaty between the United States and Persia defining the status of former Persian subjects who have become naturalized American citizens.

Passports are usually required of foreigners desiring to enter Persia, and they should, if possible, bear the visa or indorsement of a Persian consular officer.

Portugal.

Military service is obligatory upon Portuguese male subjects, but by becoming naturalized in a foreign country a Portuguese loses his qualifications as such.

On returning to the kingdom with the intention of residing in it he may reacquire Portuguese subjection by requesting it from the municipal authorities of the place

he selects for his residence. Not making this declaration, he remains an alien, and is not subject to military duty.

If a Portuguese leaves Portugal without having performed the military duty to which he was liable, and becomes naturalized in a foreign country, his property is subject to seizure, and that of the person who may have become security for him when he left the kingdom is equally liable. There is no treaty between the United States and Portugal defining the status of former Portuguese subjects who have become naturalized American citizens.

Passports are not required to enter Portuguese dominions. Travelers are, however, required to establish their nationality when they depart, and for this purpose a passport is the most effective document.

[Note by the author: The rules as above stated for Portugal need some amplification. If a Portuguese subject leaves Portugal after becoming liable to military duty and becomes naturalized in this country, he is liable to arrest upon his return to Portugal. The Department of State has recognized this principle in its treaties and diplomatic correspondence with many foreign governments. But Portugal has taken a more extreme attitude. In a case recently occurring in Madeira, the Portuguese authorities arrested and imprisoned a naturalized American citizen of Portuguese origin, although it appeared that the man had left Portugal and had been domiciled in the United States for five years at the time he was summoned to report for military duty, but had not yet become a naturalized citizen. The Portuguese government held that inasmuch as he was drafted prior to his naturalization, he was a deserter under their law and subject to punishment. His absence from the territorial jurisdiction of Portugal at the time of his summons appeared to be immaterial. This attitude has been made the subject of

protest by the Department of State. Mr. Bacon, Acting Secretary, to Mr. Bryan, minister to Portugal, March 30, 1907. MS. Inst. to Portugal.]

Roumania.

All male inhabitants of Roumania, except those under foreign protection, are liable to military duty between the ages of twenty-one and thirty years.

American citizens formerly Roumanian subjects are not molested upon their return to Roumania, unless they infringed Roumanian law before emigrating. One who did not complete his military service in Roumania, and can not prove that he performed military service in the United States, is subject to arrest, or fine, or both, for evasion of military duty.

There is no treaty between the United States and Roumania defining the status of naturalized Americans of Roumanian birth returning to Roumania.

Passports are absolutely necessary in Roumania, and must be visaed by a Roumanian consul. If they are not so visaed the holder may be sent back from the frontier to the nearest place where there is a Roumanian consul.

An American who intends to remain in Roumania for a longer period than eight days must have his passport visaed by the United States consul at Bucharest, and obtain a permit of residence, valid for one year, from the prefecture of police.

Russia.

A Russian is enrolled for military service at the beginning of the twenty-first year of his age, and remains on the rolls to the end of his forty-third year; but at the age of fifteen he is considered to be among those who are liable to perform military service, and he can not, after reaching that age, ask for permission to become a citizen of a foreign country, unless he has performed his

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military service. A Russian who becomes a citizen of another country without imperial consent is liable, under Russian law, to the loss of all his civil rights, and to perpetual banishment from the Empire. If he returns he is liable to deportation to Siberia. When a Russian emigrates before he is fifteen years old, and subsequently becomes a citizen of another country, he is equally liable to punishment, unless when he attained the age of twenty-one years he took steps necessary to obtain the consent of the Emperor to his expatriation.

Naturalized Americans of Russian birth, of the Jewish race, are not allowed to enter Russia except by special permission. For this, they may apply to the Minister of the Interior, but the Department can not act as intermediary in making the application.

There is no treaty between the United States and Russia defining the status of American citizens of Russian birth upon their return to Russia.

No one is admitted to Russia without a passport. It must be visaed by a Russian diplomatic or consular representative. Upon entering Russia it should be shown at the first government house, and the holder will be given another passport or permit of sojourn. At least twenty-four hours before departure from Russia this permit should be presented and a passport of departure will be granted and the original passport returned. A fresh permit to remain in Russia must be obtained every six months.

Servia.

Ordinarily, all subjects of Servia are expected to perform at least two years military service after they attain manhood.

If a subject of Servia emigrates before he has fulfilled his military obligations, the Servian government does not recognize a change of nationality made without the

consent of the King, and upon his return he may be subject to molestation.

If, however, he performed his military service before emigration, his acquisition of naturalization in the United States is recognized by the Servian government.

There is no treaty between the United States and Servia defining the status of naturalized Americans of Servian birth returning to Servia.

Passports are rigorously required of all persons who desire to enter Servia.

Sweden.

Subjects of Sweden are liable to performance of military duty in and after the calendar year in which they reach their twenty-first year.

Under the treaty between the United States and Sweden and Norway [17 Stat. at L. 809], a naturalized citizen of the United States, formerly a subject of Sweden, is recognized as an American citizen upon his return to the country of his origin. He is liable, however, to punishment for an offense against the laws of Sweden committed before his emigration, saving, always, the limitations and remissions established by those laws. Emigration itself is not an offense, but nonfulfilment of military duty, and desertion from a military force or ship, are offenses.

A naturalized American who performed his military service or emigrated when he was not liable to it, and who infracted no laws before emigrating, may safely return to Sweden.

If he renews his residence in the kingdom without intent to return to America, he is held to have renounced his American citizenship, and he will be liable to perform military duty.

Passports are not required from persons entering or traveling in the kingdom, but they may be called upon