usually required from sojourners or travelers afterwards. They are recognized without being visaed or indorsed.

Germany.

A German subject is liable to military service from the time he has completed the seventeenth year of his age until his forty-fifth year, active service lasting from the beginning of his twentieth year to the end of his thirtysixth year.

A German who emigrates before he is seventeen years old, or before he has been actually called upon to appear before the military authorities, may after a residence in the United States of five years and after due naturalization, return to Germany on a visit, but his right to remain in his former home is denied by Germany, and he may be expelled after a brief sojourn on the ground that he left Germany merely to evade military service. It is not safe for a person who has been once expelled to return to Germany without having obtained permission to do so in advance. A person who has completed his military service and has reached his thirty-first year and become an American citizen may safely return to Germany.

The treaties between the United States and the German states provide that German subjects who have become citizens of the United States shall be recognized as such upon their return to Germany if they resided in the United States five years.

But a naturalized American of German birth is liable to trial and punishment upon return to Germany for an offense against German law committed before emigration, saving always the limitations of the laws of Germany. If he emigrated after he was enrolled as a recruit in the standing army; if he emigrated while in service or while on leave of absence for a limited time; if, having an unlimited leave or being in the reserve, he emigrated

after receiving a call into service or after a public proclamation requiring his appearance, or after war broke out-he is liable to trial and punishment on return.

Alsace-Lorraine having become a part of Germany since our naturalization treaties with the other German states were negotiated, American citizens, natives of that province, under existing circumstances, may be subjected to inconvenience, and possible detention, by the German authorities if they return without having sought and obtained permission to do so from the imperial governor at Strasburg.

The authorities of Württemberg require that the evidence of the American citizenship of a former subject of Württemberg, which is furnished by a passport, shall be supplemented by a duly authenticated certificate showing five years' residence in the United States, in order that fulfilment of the treaty condition of five years' residence may appear separately as a fact of record.

A former German subject against whom there is an outstanding sentence, or who fears molestation upon return for an offense against German law, may petition the sovereign of his native state for relief, but this government can not act as intermediary in presenting the petition.

Travelers are not required to show passports on entering or leaving Germany, but they are likely to be called upon to establish their identity and citizenship at any time, and especially so if living in boarding houses or renting apartments. They are consequently recommended to provide themselves with passports. They do not usually require to be visaed or indorsed, but the local authorities sometimes demand a German translation.

Greece.

The Greek government does not, as a general statement, recognize a change of nationality on the part of a former Greek without the consent of the King, and a

former Greek who has not completed his military service, and who is not exempt therefrom under the military code, may be arrested on his return to Greece. The practice of the Greek government is not, however, uniform, but American citizens of Greek origin are advised to find out before returning what status they may expect to enjoy. Information should be sought directly from the Greek government, and this Department always refuses to act as intermediary in seeking the information. There is no treaty on the subject of naturalized citizens between the United States and Greece.

Passports are not required in Greece, but may be useful in establishing American citizenship.

Italy.

Italian subjects, between the ages of twenty and thirty-nine years are liable for the performance of military duty under Italian law, except in the case of an only son; or where two brothers are so nearly of the same age that both would be serving at the same time, in which event only one is drafted; or where there are two sons of a widow, when only one is taken.

Naturalization of an Italian subject in a foreign country without consent of the Italian government is no bar to liability to military service.

A former Italian subject may visit Italy without fear of molestation when he is under the age of twenty years; but between the ages of twenty and thirty-nine he is liable to arrest and forced military service, if he has not previously reported for such service. After the age of thirty-nine he may be arrested and imprisoned (but will not be compelled to do military duty) unless he has been pardoned. He may petition the Italian government for pardon, but this Department will not act as the intermediary in presenting his petition.

There is no treaty between the United States and Italy

defining the status of former Italian subjects who have become American citizens.

The Italian law does not require the production of passports by foreign travelers, but they are frequently called upon to establish their identity, and are accordingly recommended to provide themselves with passports. They are often useful in preventing an interference with departure from Italy. They do not require to be visaed or indorsed.

The Netherlands.

A subject of the Netherlands is liable to military service from his nineteenth to his fortieth year. He must register to take part in the drawing of lots for military service between January 1 and August 31 of the calendar year in which he reaches the age of nineteen. He is exempt, however, from service if he is an only son or is physically disabled; and in the case of a family half of the brothers are exempt, or the majority if the number is uneven.

No military service is required of one who became a citizen of the United States before the calendar year in which he became nineteen years of age, and a Netherlands subject who becomes a citizen of the United States when he is nineteen and between January 1 and August 31 may have his name removed from the register by applying to the Queen's commissioner of the province in which he was registered. If he does not have his name removed from the register, or if he becomes a citizen of the United States after the register is closed (August 31), and his name is drawn for enlistment, his naturalization does not affect his military obligations to the Netherlands, and if he returns he is liable (1) to be treated as a deserter, if he did not respond to the summons for service, or (2) to be enlisted if he is under forty.

Former Netherlands subjects are advised to ascertain by inquiry from the Netherlands authorities what status they may expect to enjoy if they return to the Netherlands. This Department, however, uniformly declines to act as the intermediary in the inquiry.

Passports are not required for admission to the Netherlands, but American citizens are advised to carry them for purposes of identification and in attestation of citizenship.

Norway.

Subjects of Norway are liable to performance of military duty in and after the calendar year in which they reach their twenty-second year.

Under the treaty between the United States and Sweden and Norway, a naturalized citizen of the United States, formerly a subject of Norway, is recognized as an American citizen upon his return to the country of his origin. He is liable, however, to punishment for an offense against the laws of Norway committed before his emigration, saving, always, the limitations and remissions established by those laws. Emigration itself is not an offense, but nonfulfilment of military duty and desertion from a military force or ship are offenses.

A naturalized American who performed his military service or emigrated when he was not liable to it, and who infracted no laws before emigrating, may safely return to Norway.

He must, however, report to the conscription officers, and, on receiving a summons, present himself at the meetings of the conscripts in order to prove his American citizenship.

If he has remained as long as two years in Norway, he is obliged, without being summoned, to present himself for enrollment at the first session, since he is then deemed