by keeping the heat up through the night. A twenty-foot kiln will thus dry 400 bushels in a day, as they come from the vines, making about 750 pounds of hops when dry.

"Baling.-The hops being dried, the next process is to bale them. This should not be done immedately after they are taken from the kiln, but they should be allowed to lie a few days in the store-room till they become a little softened, otherwise their extreme brittleness will cause them to be much broken in baling and the sample be thereby greatly injured. The bales should be of symmetrical and convenient form, and should contain about 200 pounds. They are formed in a box or bin prepared for the purpose, in the press-room, of such shape as will give the desired size and form. Across the bottom and sides of this box the baling cloth is first laid, and the hops are then let down into it from above, and trodden down as they are dropped in until it is filled. Another cloth is then carried over the top, a follower applied, and the screws of the press turned down upon it until the whole is brought into a compact mass. The box is then taken apart, the cloth neatly secured round the bale, the screws are run up, the bale taken out and the ends cased, when it may be considered finished, and the same process is repeated in forming another."

We have referred to the diseases and injuries to which the hop is liable. These are numerous, more so in England, perhaps, than in the United States, but the most destructive here are the aphis or hop-louse and the mould.

Dr. Harris, in his "Insects Injurious to Vegetation," thus describes the aphis, a genus which commit serious ravages on many of our deciduous plants and trees, but on none, perhaps, are more destructive than on the hop:

"The winged plant-lice provide for a succession of their race by stocking the plants with eggs in the autumn. These are hatched in the spring, and the young lice immediately begin to pump up the sap from the tender leaves and shoots, increase rapidly in size, and in a short time come to maturity. In this state it is found that the brood, without a single exception, consists wholly of females which are wingless, but are in a condition immediately to continue their kind. Their young, however, are not hatched from eggs, but are produced alive, and each female may be the mother of fifteen or twenty young lice in the course of a single day. The plant-lice of this second generation are also wingless females, which grow up and have their young in due time; and thus brood after brood is produced, even to the seventh generation or more, without the appearance or intermixture, throughout the whole season, of a single male. This extrordinary propagation ends in the autumn with the birth of a brood of males, which in due time acquire wings, and pair; eggs are then laid by the females, and with the death of these winged individuals, which soon follows, the race becomes extinct for the season."

The eggs of these insects are not destroyed by

cold or wet, and only multiply more rapidly in drought. Wet weather, long continued, does somewhat hinder their development, but exposes the plant to injury from mould. Morton, in his "Cyclopædia of Agriculture," thus describes the effect of their attacks upon the hop vine:

"When the first attack of these upon the hops is severe, and early in the season, the growth of the plant is commonly stopped in the course of three or four weeks. If the attack be late-that is, about midsummer, or afterwards-the bine has then attained so much strength that it struggles on against the blight to its disadvantage, and the result is a total failure of the crop at last; for the leaves fall off, and the fruit-branches being already formed, there is no chance of recovery. At this time and in this condition the stench from the hop plantation is most offensive. In an early blight, however, we may have many instances recorded of extraordinary recoveries; for these insects are remarkably susceptible of atmospherical and electrical changes, and on a sudden alteration of the weather we have known them perish by myriads in a night. The condition of a plant is never hopeless, however severe the attack may be, provided there is time for it to put forth its lateral or fructifying branches.

"Their multiplication is so rapid that the leaves become so thickly covered as scarcely to allow a pin to be thrust between them. They quickly abstract the juices of the bine, so that the leaves assume a sickly brown hue, and curl up, and the bine itself ceases to grow, and falls from the pole, the lice continuing till they perish for want of food; and thus, without the intervention of a favorable change, the crop is destroyed, and the grower may often consider himself fortunate if the plant recover a due amount of vitality to produce a crop in the following year.

"When atmospherical change occurs, the lice die off by thousands in a day. As they die they turn a brown color. The first indication of a favorable change is the clustering of the lice to the extremities of the bines and branches. This fact is well worthy of notice, since to all but close and accurate observers of the hop plant, the outward appearance is the reverse of a favorable change; for the small leaves and heads of the bines are densely covered with lice. But while the lice are thus gathering in countless myriads at the extremities, apparently threatening the utter destruction of the plant, the large leaves at the bottom of the bine and the leaves of the branches next the stem are becoming clean. At this clustering period the lice evidently cease to suck the juices of the plant; for the attentive observer will perceive the bine resuming its erect position, and recommencing its upward growth, though still covered with lice. At this crisis they usually disappear altogether in the course of a week or ten days, and then the plants should be liberally rewarded, if not lavishly stimulated, with manure,

Injurious insects are much lessened in number by natural enemies. That which is most destructive of these lice is the lady-bug, or, as called in England, the lady-bird. Of these the work just quoted from says:

"They, in the first instance, destroy multitudes of lice, a single one killing eight or ten in as many minutes; and where the lice are not too numerous, the lady-birds will clean the hop plantations. But, generally, the lice have time to deposit some of their young on the under side of the leaves before their enemies attack them, especially if the weather be clouded, when the lady-birds are sluggish and inactive. The lice are seldom devoured at this time, but the lady-birds lay their eggs also on the under side of the leaves, usually in clusters of about twenty each. These eggs adhere to the leaves, are yellow in color, and of a long, oval shape; they are soon hatched, and the progeny which creeps forth is the black nigger' or 'serpent,' as they are called in the districts. They are ferocious-looking creatures, greatly resembling in shape, though not in size, the lizards of the olden time. As soon as they are hatched they commence the work of destruction upon the lice-eggs, which are their peculiar food, as the lice are of their parents, the lady-birds; and if the lice are not extremely numerous, they often succeed in clearing the plant of the vermin, otherwise they devour them until they are literally gorged with food, and then, attaching themselves to the leaves of the hop, after remaining dormant in the larva state, they cast off their outer cuticle, and are transformed into the perfect lady-birds, when they again pursue their good work of destroying the enemies of the hop-consuming about thirty lice daily."

We have described the depredations of the lice, and the good work of the lady-bugs, at some length, that the hop-grower might see the necessity of two things: 1, having the ground in the highest condition as to richness and tillage, that the plant may be enabled to overcome the attack of the lice; and 2, the very great importance of preserving the lady-bug, one of the most useful of the beneficial insects. The lice could be destroyed by syringing the vines with whale-oil-soapsuds, but this remedy is too tedious for hop cultivation.

2. The mould.-There are various diseases to which common parlance has given this name, but the one now described is the most fatal to the hop. These diseases, like the lice, are parasitic, that is, both exist upon the juices of the hop-plant, which, being deprived of them, are blighted. Hence the term blight does not desagnate the cause, but the result of the attack of the disease or insect. Morton's "Cyclopæ

dia of Agriculture" thus speaks of the disease now under consideration:

"The mould is a disease rather than a blight. We believe it to be a parasitical vegetable fungus, usually generated in wet seasons and in damp situations. It is of all diseases the most dreaded by the hop-grower, inasmuch as there is no known remedy for it, and as it steadily progresses in its attack, with more or less rapidity, according to the character of the season, till the crop is gathered. It often originates from the negligence and inattention of the cultivator, and thus prevention is better than cure. It is intimately allied to, if it be not precisely the same, as the white mildew which we see in hawthorn hedges and on rose-bushes, especially if the latter grow in shady situations. When the mould appears to any considerable extent upon the hops so early as the end of June or beginning of July, however luxuriant the vine may then appear, there is no hope of a crop worth picking. Dampness and a want of a free circulation of air and light seem to be the predisposing cause of mould, and thus we often see it emanate from wild hops, which are carelessly allowed to grow in neighboring hedges. As soon as this violent disease appears, it spreads in every direction with astonishing rapidity, diminishing in intensity as the distance increases from the centre of mischief. It is first noticeable upon the upper side of the leaf as a white speck, not larger than a small pin's head, the spot increasing in size till it attains the diameter of about one-eighth of an inch; below this white spot, on the under side of the leaf, there is a corresponding indentation, which renders this incipient indication of mould unmistakable. From the spots on the surface of the leaf the seeds of this parasitical fungus, as we imagine it to be, are blown in all directions, and the minutest particle of this white dust when it settles on another leaf in a few days becomes a minute speck of mould. Each new spot then propagates the disease, and thus we perceive this vegetable pestilence advances with fearful rapidity of geometrical progression, and if the season be damp, acre after acre falls a victim to the attack, which often originates from sheer inattention."

Mould spreads fastest in warm, damp weather. It commences near the ground, and therefore great attention ought to be paid to the frequent pulling off of the suckers, as they sprout through the hill in the summer months. Every spotted leaf should be destroyed. And here we now see the necessity of making such selection of the site of the hop plantation as will secure a free access of air and sunlight, for dryness is a check to this disease.*

ALABAMA. At the commencement of the year 1865, the determination to prosecute the war with all the resources at command, had not been

The meteorological returns for 1864 were not received in season to be used in this article, but will be given, with those for 1865, in the nest volume.

weakened in the minds of the people of southern Alabama. Their views of the measures demanded at the time, to promote the success of their cause, were expressed in a series of resolutions adopted at a large and enthusiastic meet ing assembled in the theatre at Mobile, on Feb. 19th. These resolutions declared an unalterable purpose to sustain the civil and military authorities in their efforts to achieve independence of the United States; that the battle-cry henceforth should be, "Victory or death; " that there was no middle ground between treachery and patriotism; that they still had an abiding confidence in their ability to achieve independence; that the government should immediately place one hundred thousand negroes in the field; that reconstruction was no longer an open question; that an order reinstating General Joseph E. Johnston in command of the Army of the Tennessee would effect more to restore confidence, increase the army, and secure the successful defence of the State, than any other order that could be issued from the war department.

Meanwhile the preparation of the Federal Government for an irresistible attack upon the important places yet remaining unoccupied in the State, were pushed forward. A combined military and naval expedition against Mobile was in progress at New Orleans, to be commanded by Maj.-Gen. Edward R. S. Canby and Rear-Admiral Henry K. Thatcher; and a cavalry expedition, under Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson, was ready to cooperate by a southern march from Eastport, Tennessee, the headquarters of Maj.Gen. Thomas. As early as March 3d, the Governor of the State, T. H. Watts, appealed to the people by proclamation, to come forward voluntarily to the conflict, or the State could not be successfully defended against the impending dangers. The militia of the State, under an act of the Congress at Richmond, had been divided into two classes. The first class was composed of boys between sixteen and seventeen years of age, and men between fifty and sixty years. The second class consisted of those of intervening ages, and had, by the acts of Congress, been reduced to a very few, so that united with the Confederate troops they were insufficient for defence. The first class was estimated at thirty thousand in number, of whom about four thousand were boys; under the operation of the State laws this class could not, without their consent, be ordered beyond the limits of their respective counties. To them. the Governor now made an appeal. He urged as motives for action, the rejection of all peace propositions by the authorities of the United States. He said: "We must either become the slaves of Yankee masters, degrading us to equality with the negroes, subjecting us and our children and our children's children to a slavery worse than Egyptain bondage, or we must, with the help of God and our own strong arms and brave hearts, establish our freedom and independence."

He also urged that a common fortune would

befall all alike, if they were overcome, saying: "It matters not now what were your opinions at the time Alabama seceded from the United States. We are all now placed on the same footing. All have, in some form, participated in the war. We have sent to the bloody field of battle our sons, our fathers, or our brothers; we have equipped them for the conflict; we. have sustained them by our acts; we have encouraged them by all the powers of language, by our smiles and our tears, to fight for all that freemen prize or freemen hope. We have all taken part in electing to the presidency, to the governorship, to Congress, and to our State Legislatures, those who have sworn to support the Constitution and the cause of the Confederate States. In every form in which mankind can be bound in law and morals, we have all been, and are still, involved in maintaining the Confederate States as 'free, sovereign, and independent.' Our lives, our property, protection to our wives and children, our liberty and honor are staked on the result of the war. Common weal or common woe awaits us all. The fate of the traitor and the tory ever will be, as it ever has been, to deserve and receive the execration of the living and the curses of posterity."

The Federal military movements portended nothing less than the complete subjugation of the State. On the 20th of March Gen. Canby and Admiral Thatcher were below Mobile with an irresistible force, and on the same day the advance of General Wilson began, and the whole force was on the way from Chickasaw on the 22d. The success of these expeditions has been described elsewhere (see ARMY OPERATIONS), but the desolations of war which followed the footsteps of the cavalry, were thus subsequently related by the Provisional Governor Parsons, to an audience in New York city.

It will be in your recollection, ladies and gentlemen, that during the last of March and in April, the rebellion suddenly collapsed. At that time public attention in the North was doubtless turned mainly to the operations around Richmond, and to those which attended the movements of the vast armies of General Sherman. But it also happened that General Wilson, with a large force of cavalry, some seventeen thousand, I believe, in number, commenced a movement from the Tennessee River and a point in the northwest of the State of Alabama, diagonally across

the State. He penetrated to the centre, and then radiated from Selma in every direction, through one of the most productive regions of the South.

That little city of about ten thousand inhabitants-first Sunday evenings in last April, sun about an its defences were carried by assault on one of the hour high. Before another sun rose, every house in the city was sacked, except two; every woman was robbed of her watch, her ear-rings, her finger-rings, given up for the time to the possession of the soldiers. her jewelry of all descriptions, and the whole city It was a severe discipline to this people. It was thought necessary by the commanding General to subdue the spirit of the rebellion.

For one week the forces under General Wilson

occupied the little town, and night after night, and day after day, one public building after anotherfirst the arsenal, then the foundry, each of which covered eight or nine acres of ground, and was con

ducted upon a scale commensurate with the demand that the military supplies for the war created-railroad depots, machine shops connected with themevery thing of that description which had been in any degree subservient to the cause of the rebellion, was laid in ashes. Out of some sixty odd brick stores in the city, forty-nine, I think, were consumed. On the line of march, you were scarcely out of sight of some indication of its terrible consequences.

Indeed, after three weeks had elapsed, it was with difficulty you could travel the road from Plantersville to that city, so offensive was the atmosphere in consequence of decaying horses and mules that lay along the roadside. Every description of ruin, except the interred dead of the human family, met the ere. I witnessed it myself. The fact is, that no description can equal the reality. When the Federal forces left the little town-which is built on a bluff on the Alabama River-they crossed at night on a pontoon bridge, and their way was lighted by burning warehouses standing on the shore.

The expedition of Gen. Wilson which terminated in the interior of Georgia, was in many respects a most remarkable one. Consisting entirely of cavalry, it captured during its progress no less than six strongly fortified towns. The surrender of the armies of Lee and Johnston was followed by that of Gen. Taylor, by which all opposition to the Federal forces ceased, and the State became entirely subject to their military control. The war suddenly ended, the authority of the United States was again recognized, and a restoration to their position of citizens became the object of the people.

On May 29th the proclamation of President Johnston was issued, granting amnesty and pardon to all citizens of the Southern States who had been engaged in the rebellion, with certain exceptions. This amnesty and pardon was accompanied with the restoration of all rights of property except as to slaves, and in cases where loyal proceedings for confiscation had been commenced, but on the condition of taking an amnesty oath. (See UNITED STATES.) This measure restored a large mass of the people to peaceful citizenship in the United States. None of the political institutions of Alabama were recognized as existing until they had been changed to suit the views of the conquerors. To accomplish this object a person was selected in each Southern State, and authorized by the President to set on foot a series of measures which should result in a reconstructed State Government. On June 21st, the President issued his proclamation appointing Lewis E. Parsons a Provisional Governor for the State of Alabama, and recognizing a portion of the previous institutions of the State. The authority by which this appointment was made and the plan of proceedings were thus stated in the Proclamation:

Whereas, The fourth section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the United States declares that the United States shall guarantee to every State in the Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion and domestic violence; and, whereas, the President of the United States is, by the Constitution, made Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, as well as chief civil executive officer of the United States, and

is bound by solemn oath faithfully to execute the office of President of the United States, and to take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and, whereas, the rebellion which has been waged by a portion of the people of the United States against the properly constituted authorities of the Government thereof in the most violent and revolting form, but whose organized and armed forces have now been almost entirely overcome, has, in its revolutionary progress, deprived the people of the State of Alabama of all civil government; and, whereas, it becomes necessary and proper to carry out and enforce the obligations of the United States to the people of Alabama in securing them in the enjoyment of a republican form of government:

Now, therefore, in obedience to the high and solemn duties imposed upon me by the Constitution of the United States, and for the purpose of enabling the loyal people of said State to organize a State government, whereby justice may be established, domestic tranquillity restored, and loyal citizens pro tected in all their rights of life, liberty, and property, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States and Commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, do hereby appoint Lewis E. Parsons, Alabama, whose duty it shall be, at the earliest pracof Alabama, Provisional Governor of the State of ticable period, to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for convening a convention composed of delegates to be chosen by that portion of the people of said State who are loyal to the United States, and no others, for the purpose of altering and amending the Constitution thereof; and with authority to exercise within the limits of said State, all the powers necessary and proper to enable such loyal people of the State of Alabama to restore said State to its constitutional relations to the Federal Government, and to present such a republican form of State government as will entitle the State to the guarantee of the United States therefor, and its people to protection by the United States against invasion, insurrection, and domestic violence. Provided, that in any election that may be held hereafter for choosing delegates to any State Convention, as aforesaid, no person shall be qualified as an elector or shall be eligible as a member of such convention, unless he shall have previously taken and subscribed the oath of amnesty, as set forth in the President's proclamation of May 29, A. D. 1865, and is a voter qualified as prescribed by the Constitution and laws of the State of Alabama, in force immediately before the 11th of January, A. D. 1861, the date of the so-called ordinance of secession. And the said con

Vention, when convened, or the legislature that may be thereafter assembled, will prescribe the qualification of electors and the eligibility of persons to hold office under the Constitution and laws of the Statea power the people of the several States composing the Federal Union have rightfully exercised from the origin of the Government to the present time. And

I do hereby direct:

First. That the military commander of the department, and all officers and persons in the military and naval service, aid and assist the said Provisional Government in carrying into effect this proclamation; and they are enjoined to abstain from in any way hindering, impeding, or discouraging loyal people

from the organization of a State Government as herein authorized.

Second. That the Secretary of State proceed to put in force all laws of the United States, the adminis tration whereof belongs to the State department, applicable to the geographical limits aforesaid.

Third. That the Secretary of the Treasury proceed to nominate for appointment assessors of taxes and collectors of customs and of internal revenue, and such other officers of the Treasury Department as are authorized by law, and put in execution the revenue laws of the United States within the geographical limits aforesaid. In making appointments the pref

erence shall be given to qualified loyal persons residing within the districts where their respective duties are to be performed. But if suitable residents of districts shall not be found, then persons residing in other States or districts shall be appointed.

Fourth. That the Postmaster-General proceed to establish post-offices and post-routes, and put into execution the postal laws of the United States within said State, giving to loyal residents the preference of appointment; but, if suitable residents are not found, then to appoint agents, etc., from other States. Fifth. That the district judge for the judicial district in which Alabama is included, proceed to hold courts within said State, in accordance with the visions of the act of Congress, and the Attorney-General will instruct the proper officers to libel and bring to judgment, confiscation, and sale property subject to confiscation, and enforce the administration of justice within said State in all matters with in the cognizance and jurisdiction of the Federal

courts.

pro

Sixth. That the Secretary of the Navy take possession of all public property belonging to the Navy Department within said geographical limits, and put in operation all acts of Congress in relation to naval affairs having application to said State.

Seventh. That the Secretary of the Interior put in force the laws relating to the Interior Department applicable to the geographical limits aforesaid.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand

and caused the Seal of the United States to be

affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this 21st day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, and of the independence of the United States the eightyANDREW JOHNSON.

ninth.

By the President:

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State.

The Governor thus appointed immediately entered upon his duties. After an investigation of the condition and views of the people, he issued a proclamation stating the plan of proceedings for the reorganization of the State. He described the condition of the State before the war, its population, wealth, and improvements, and said:

"In the prosecution of the war, for the last four years, into which Alabama was precipitated, about 122,000 of her sons have been carried to the field of battle, 35,000 of whom will never return; and it is probable an equal or larger number are permanently injured by wounds or disease while in the service. A very large proportion of our material wealth has been exhausted. Our fields are laid waste, our towns and cities, our railroads and bridges, our schools and colleges, many of our private dwellings and public edifices are in ruins. Silence and desolation reign where once stood the comfortable home which resounded with the joyous laugh of childhood and innocence.

66 The State has contracted a large war debt during this period, and has on hand as near as can now be ascertained about $ in Confederate Treasury notes, which are utterly worthless, and about $ in good funds.

"Untold sufferings have been, and are still endured by thousands of our women and children, and the aged and helpless of our land.

"There is no longer a slave in Alabama. It is thus made manifest to the world that the right of secession for the purpose of establishing

a separate Confederacy, based on the idea of African slavery, has been fully and effectually tried, and is a failure.

"Yet, amid all the ruin, suffering, and death which have resulted from it, every political right which the State possessed under the Fed eral Constitution is hers to-day, with the single exception relating to slavery."

He then urged the importance of sustaining the measures proposed by President Johnson, and ordained the following regulations for that purpose:

Now, for the purpose of carrying into execution the commands of the President, and to enable the loyal people of Alabama to secure to themselves the benefits of civil government, I do hereby declare and

ordain:

1. That the Justices of the Peace and Constables in each county of this State, the members of the Commissioners Court (except the Judges of Probate), the County Treasurer, the Tax Collector and Assessor, the Coroner and the several municipal officers of each incorporated city or town in this State, who were respectively in office and ready to discharge the duties thereof, on the 22d of May, 1865, are hereby appointed to fill those offices during the continuance of this provisional government. And as it is necessary that the persons who fill these several offices should be loyal to the United States, the power is hereby reserved to remove any person for disloyalty or for improper conduct in office, or neglect of its duties; and I earnestly request all loyal citizens to give me prompt information in regard to any officer who is objectionable on any of these grounds.

The Judges of Probate and Sheriffs, who were in office on the 22d of May, 1865, will take the oath as herein required of other officers, and continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices until others are appointed.

2. Each of these persons thus appointed to office prescribed by the President's proclamation, of the must take and subscribe the oath of Amnesty, as 29th day of May, 1865, and immediately transmit the same to this office. At the end of said oath, and after the word "slave," he must add these words, "and I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office to the give bond and security payable to the State of Alabest of my ability." Each of these officers must also bama, as required by the laws of Alabama on the 11th day of January, 1861. If any person acts in the discharge of the duties of any of the aforesaid offices tions on his part, he will be punished. This oath of without having complied with the foregoing regula amnesty and of office may be taken before any commissioned officer in the civil, military, or naval service of the United States; and the Judge of Probate in each county in this State, on the 22d of May, 1865, bate shall have been appointed by me in the mean may also administer it, unless another Judge of Protime, and approve and file the bond which is hereby required to be given. But no one can hold any of these offices who is exempted by the proclamation of the President from the benefit of amnesty, unless he has been specially pardoned.

3. The appointment of Judge of Probate and Sheriff in each county will be made specially, as soon as suitable persons are properly recommended, and when appointed they will take the oath of amnesty prescribed in the foregoing section, and give bond and security as required by the law of Alabama on the 11th of January, 1861. And vacancies in any of the county offices will be promptly filled when it is made known and a proper person recommended.

4. If the loyal citizens of the State find it necessary Circuit Courts, Solicitors, Juages of the Circuit to have other officers appointed, "iz.: Clerks of the Courts, Chancellors and Judges of the Supreme