cumstances, for a high end. The author has earned a title to the warmest gratitude of all who are interested in the study of the New Testament.

We can only glance at the other publications of Dr. Tregelles. The most important of these is, perhaps, his edition of the famous Muratorian Canon, the earliest catalogue of the books of the New Testament, of which he published a fac-simile, with copious notes and critical discussions, Oxford, 1867, 4to. Other writings of his are: Remarks on the Prophetic Visions of the Book of Daniel (1847), with notes, and a Defence of its Authenticity, also issued separately (1852); Historic Evidence of the Authorship and Transmission of the Books of the New Testament (1852), a lecture; also, elaborate articles in Kitto's Journal of Sacred Literature and the Cambridge Journal of Classical and Sacred Philology, some of which, as those on "The Original Language of Matthew's Gospel" and "The Jansenists," were also published independently. He contributed to Smith's Dictionary of the Bible valuable articles on the "Ancient Versions"; and, judging from internal evidence, the general articles "Manuscripts" and "Palimpsest" in Cassell's Bible Dictionary, and the articles on particular MSS., as Alexandrian, Augiensis, Bezae Codex, Claromontanus, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, etc., in that work, are from his pen.

Dr. Tregelles was a man of great simplicity of character and deep religious feeling, a devout believer in the plenary verbal inspiration of the Scriptures and in the doctrines usually denominated evangelical. For any form of "rationalism" or any deviation from the doctrines which he regarded as fundamental, he had no toleration. In translating the Hebrew Lexicon of Gesenius, he accordingly deemed it his duty to insert many notes of warning against what he regarded as perverse and dangerous explanations of particular passages by that eminent scholar; and, when the second volume of Horne's Introduction, edited by Dr. Davidson, was issued, he published a solemn protest against its heresies. Whether or not his zeal was always enlightened need not be discussed. It was honest, and not prompted

His denunciations were uttered more in

by malevolence. sorrow than in anger.

The great merits and sacrifices of this self-denying scholar were not wholly unappreciated, though they surely deserved a wider and warmer recognition than they ever received. In 1850, the University of St. Andrew's conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws; and, during the latter part of his life, he received from the civil list a pension amounting to £200 per annum. He was invited to become a member of the British committee for the revision of the authorized English version of the Bible, though the failure of his health prevented him from taking part in the work.

Dr. Tregelles leaves behind him a widow, the sympathizing sharer of his labors, but no children. Rare, indeed, are the examples of such patient, unwearied, self-sacrificing devotion to a noble object as his life presents; and ever honored be his memory!

VII.

GERHARD VON MASTRICHT.

[From the Unitarian Review for August, 1884.]

[THE extreme thoroughness and conscientiousness of Dr. Ezra Abbot, in even the smallest matters that came under his investigation, are in need of no illustration to those who were well acquainted with him. But those who know of that strong characteristic only by hearsay will be glad of an actual example. The following one is quite to the point, and, besides showing the trouble he habitually took to help his correspondents, is worthy of permanent record for its intrinsic interest.

About a year ago, the writer's correspondence with him -always pretty frequent - had to do with certain doubtful places in Dr. Eduard Reuss's Bibliotheca N. T. Graeci, and the correction of certain errors therein. Among them was the name by which Reuss designated the editor of a Greek Testament who is denoted on the title-page by the letters "G. D. T. M. D." Every one conversant with the subject knows that the letters stand for "Gerhardus de Trajecto Mosae Doctor"; and the question was whether the "de Trajecto Mosac" was a translation from the Dutch or German, and what was the shape of the name as the man used it himself. Reuss had indexed the name (in the genitive) simply as "Gerhardi." Other late writers, the present writer among the number, knowing that the place "Trajectum Mosae" was the Dutch Maestricht, had taken the name to be "Gerardus (or Gerard) van Maestricht."

Dr. Abbot's final comment was as follows:

More than a dozen years ago, having charge of the cataloguing department in the library of Harvard College, I had occasion to investigate the proper form of the name, and came to the conclusion that it was Gerhard von Mastricht. I have now renewed the investigation with the

same result. The mistake (found in a very few recent writers) of giving the surname as Maestricht, or of translating the "Gerhardus (or Gerardus) de Trajecto Mosae" by "Gerhard (or Gerard) von (or van) Maestricht," is easily explained by the fact that Maestricht is the old Dutch form of the name of the place, and also the form commonly found in English Gazetteers, and would therefore be naturally supposed to represent the Trajectum Mosae. But this natural inference is false in the present case, and founded on ignorance of the history of the name.

The grandfather of Gerhard von Mastricht was a Dutchman, residing in Maestricht. His family name was s'Coning (Paquot), or Sconing (Moréri); his Christian name was Cornelius (that is, his name answered to the English 'Cornelius King'). Being an ardent Protestant, fear of the terrible Duke of Alva compelled him to flee from his native city to Cologne, where he dropped his Dutch surname, assuming in its stead that of von Mastricht (Mastricht being the common German form for the name of the city). This name was borne by his son, Thomas von Mastricht, and by his grandsons, Gerhard and Peter von Mastricht. The latter, after preaching for some years at Glückstadt, became Professor of Hebrew at Frankfurt on the Oder, then (1669) Professor of Theology at Duisburg, and finally (1677) Professor of Theology at Utrecht, where he died in 1706. While at Utrecht, he published his most important works, particularly his Theoretico-practica Theologia, under the name of Petrus van Mastricht. In most catalogues and biographical dictionaries, he accordingly appears under the name van Mastricht, as he naturally during his residence at Utrecht changed the German von to But in none of the authorities have I ever found his surname given as Maestricht; all the Dutch biographies and bibliographies, Kok, Van der Aa, Kobus, Abkoude and Arrenburg, call him Petrus van Mastricht. This alone makes it improbable that his brother ever used the form Maestricht.

van.

But the case of Gerhard is much stronger. He never resided in Holland; he was always a German,- born at Cologne, Professor at Duisburg (1669), and afterward (1687-1721) Syndic of Bremen. There is not, I think, the slightest reason for believing that he ever spelled his name Maestricht, and very little for supposing that he ever used van for von, though the fact that his brother commonly goes by the name of van Mastricht has naturally led many to assume that his surname corresponded. (For the facts stated above, see Paquot, Mém. pour ser vir à l'hist. lit. des dix-sept provinces des Pays-Bas, tome i. (Louvain, 1765, fol.) p. 649 f.)

The earliest authority for Maestricht that I have yet found is Horne's Biblical Bibliography, appended to his Introduction. The only other writers in which I have seen it are Tregelles (Printed Text, pp. 73-75), who doubtless followed Horne, Westcott (art. New Testament, in Smith's Dict. of the Bible, iii. 2134, note a, American edition).

who also probably copied Horne or Tregelles, and Reuss (Die Gesch. d. heiligen Schriften N. T., 5te Ausg. (1874), § 407. end, where I conceive that the "v. Maestricht" is simply his translation of the de Trajecto Mosae). He appears to have imagined that Maestricht was the birthplace or former residence of our Gerhard, for he calls him a Belgian (Biblioth., p. 133), which he was not and never was. He even treats his name as if it were a mediæval one, like Adam of Bremen or Geoffrey of Monmouth or Peter of Clugny, putting him in his Index under Gerhard, which is as absurd as it would be to put Edmond de Pressensé's name in an index under Edmond or Alexander von Humboldt's under Alexander. In short, he appears to have known so little about the man that his authority is worthless. Gerhard, in fact, is much less known than his brother Peter; his name does not appear in the Biographie universelle or its Supplément, or in the Nouvelle Biographie générale (Hoefer), or in the great Dictionnaire universelle of Larousse, where you find almost everything.

Scrivener is equivocal, giving "Gerhard à Mastricht" (Introd. 2d ed., p. 177) and "Gerhard à Mästricht" (p. 400, and so in his Index). Davidson, Bibl. Crit. ii., 122, has "Gerhard of Mastricht," copying Marsh's translation of Michaelis, but in his Index he has "Gerhard of Maestricht."

The authorities on the other side are overwhelming in number, age, and weight. All the man's contemporaries, all in fact who have written of him within a hundred years of his time, agree, so far as I can ascertain, in giving his surname as Mastricht. (It is possible that there is some exception in Dutch books; but I have found none.)

Jac. Hasæus, in the Bibliotheca historico-hilologico-theologica published at BREMEN in 1718, Class I. Fasc. v. p. 691, while Von Mastricht was living, speaks of him in terms of the highest eulogy, and gives his name as "Gerh. von Mastricht." Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec (1741), p. 77, gives the title of the Catalogue of his Library as follows: "Catalogus Bibliothecae Gerh. von Mastricht, Syndici Bremensis, Librorum in quavis facultate insignium. . . . BREM. 1719. 8." In the titles of two of his books, published at Duisburg in 1670 and 1677, as given by Paquot, his name appears as "Gerh. von Mastricht "; in that of another, Traj. ad Rhen. 1714, as "Gerardus von Mastricht." So in the titles cited in Pérennès, Dict. de bibliog. catholique (1858), I. col. 86 and III. col. 90. the surname appears as "von Mastricht." Accordingly, in the Bibliotheca realis juridica of Lipenius (1736), pp. 233, 242, 306, his works appear under the name "Gerardus von Mastricht," or "Gerh. von Mastricht" in the Index, and so in Schott's Supplement to this work (1775), p. 63. So in the General Catalogue of the Bodleian Library, and in the Catalogus dissertationum academicarum belonging to that Library, his writings are entered under the heading "Mastricht, Gerh. von," while those of his brother appear