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restored from MSS. in the libraries at Rome, Florence, and Munich. It is greatly to be lamented that Grossmann should have died without publishing more fully the results of his life-long study of Philo; but Tischendorf encourages us by stating in his preface that a critical edition of this author has been long in preparation by J. C. W. Otto, whom he represents as well qualified for the task.

In 1873, Tischendorf published a second edition of the Epistles of Clement of Rome, already referred to in speaking of his Appendix Codicum cel., etc. (p. 161). This may probably be regarded as presenting the text in its most authentic form. In the same year, he also completed the valuable edition of the Latin Vulgate version of the Old Testament begun by Theodor Heyse, in which the various readings of the best MS., the Codex Amiatinus, are given throughout; and still later, in conjunction with S. Baer and Prof. F. Delitzsch, he published Liber Psalmorum Hebraicus et Latinus ab Hieronymo ex Hebraeo conversus (Lips. 1874).

Such, though very imperfectly described, are the principal literary labors of Tischendorf. We have already seen, under each of the three great classes into which his publications fall, that he had made preparation for other important works, several of which, had his health been spared, would ere this have been given to the world. Besides these, he had announced for speedy publication a translation of the New Testament into German from the text of his Greek Testament, and Reliquiae Graecarum Litterarum antiquissimas, containing, with other matter, fragments of Menander, Euripides, and Dion Cassius, from MSS. of the fourth and fifth centuries. But what is most to be deplored is, first, the absence of the Prolegomena to his last critical edition of the Greek Testament, a want which no other hand can fully supply; and, in the second place, the loss of his promised work on Greek palæography, for which he had been making preparation for over thirty years, and which was to be accompanied with more than one hundred plates of the

largest size, giving fac-similes of MSS. The best existing work on the subject, Montfaucon's Palacographia Graeca, was published in 1708; and, though in respect to cursive MSS. it will always be of great value, our materials, so far as the uncial MSS. and early papyri are concerned, have been immensely enlarged since his time. As long ago as 1856, when Tischendorf's practised eye instantly detected the fraud in the Uranios palimpsest of Simonides, which had imposed upon William Dindorf and Lepsius, and came near costing the Berlin Academy five thousand thalers, he had already critically examined, for palæographical purposes, about fifty Greek palimpsests and more than one hundred and twenty Greek uncial MSS.* His later researches, especially his third journey to the East, must have considerably increased his materials. Probably no scholar in Europe possessed qualifications to be compared with his for the execution of such a work.

The later portion of Tischendorf's life in its brilliant success presented a striking contrast with the arduous struggles of his earlier years. His enthusiasm was magnetic; his single-hearted devotion to the pursuit of his great objects, and the proof which he gave of ability as well as zeal, soon gained him a host of powerful and generous friends, so that, after the first obstacles were surmounted, he seems never to have lacked the means for prosecuting his expensive undertakings. Honors were showered upon him from every quarter:-orders of knighthood, crosses, and other insignia from many of the governments of Europe, honorary membership in learned societies too numerous to mention; the degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Cambridge, in England, and that of Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford; so that "his titles," to borrow the expression of an unfriendly critic, "fill half a page." The king of Saxony, always his friend, made him Privy Councillor; and finally, in 1869, an imperial ukase,

See Lykurgos's Enthüllungen über den Simonides-Dindorfschen Uranios, ate Aufl., 1856, p. 76.

"in recognition of his great scientific merits, and of his services to Russia especially," elevated him to the rank of an hereditary noble of the Russian Empire, an honor which was recognized by the government of his own country, so that in his later publications his name appears as "Constantin von Tischendorf." Freedom from vanity was not his most conspicuous virtue, and it may be that he valued somewhat too highly such titles and distinctions; but who shall say that he did not richly deserve them all?

It is to be feared that there is no German critic on whom the mantle of Tischendorf has fallen. But, in recounting his achievements, we cannot fail to associate with him the name of at least one English scholar. The labors of Dr. Tregelles, in the department of Biblical criticism, are second in importance only to those of Tischendorf. But we have no space to characterize them here. The services also of Dr. Scrivener, in accurately editing the Codex Augiensis and the Codex Bezae, in publishing collations of about seventy cursive MSS., and in the preparation of other important works, particularly his Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, deserve most grateful acknowledgment. And every scholar must look with great interest for the publication of the long-promised critical edition of the Greek Testament undertaken by Dr. Westcott and Mr. Hort, which has been in preparation for more than twenty years, and may be confidently expected to prove a contribution to Biblical literature of marked originality and value. [See Essay IX. below.]

VI.

THE LATE DR. TREGELLES.

[From the Independent for July 1, 1875.]

THE most eminent English scholar in the department of textual criticism as applied to the Greek Testament, second only to Tischendorf in the extent and importance of his labors in this field of learning, has after a few months, as we learn by recent intelligence, followed his illustrious compeer to the grave. Dr. Tregelles died at his residence in Plymouth, England, on the 24th of April last, after having been disabled for about five years by a shock of paralysis, which literally struck the pen from his hand as he was revising the concluding chapters of the Book of Revelation. The circumstances attending his last illness were thus remarkably similar to those in the case of Tischendorf, who, though spared to complete the text of his eighth and most important critical edition of the Greek Testament, was soon after prostrated by a stroke of apoplexy, followed by paralysis, and compelled to leave the long-desired Prolegomena unwritten. The concluding part of the text of Tregelles's edition was published in 1872, by the aid of some of his friends; but the Prolegomena have not yet appeared. [See page 181, note.]

Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (the name is pronounced in three syllables, Tre-gel-les) was born at Falmouth, in Cornwall, England, Jan. 30, 1813. His parents belonged to the Society of Friends, and he was for a time connected with that religious body. Afterward, he became associated with the Plymouth Brethren, but ultimately disengaged himself from that sect. He was educated, according to Allibone, at the Classical Grammar School in Falmouth, from 1825 to

1828; between 1828 and 1834, he was employed in the iron works at Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire, and afterward was engaged for a short time in private tuition near Portsmouth. Though lacking the advantages of a university education, he was full of scholarly zeal, and devoted himself with special earnestness to the study of the Scriptures in the original languages and some of the oldest versions, particularly the Syriac. His interest in the study of Hebrew was shown by his translation of Gesenius's Hebrew Lexicon, published by the Bagsters in 1847, and by some elementary works, as Hebrew Reading Lessons (1845), an interlineary Hebrew Psalter and Heads of Hebrew Grammar (1852). He had also a share in the preparation of several other important aids to Biblical study, in some of which his name does not appear,- as The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament (1843), Th: Englishman's Greek Concordance to the New Testament (1839), and The English Hexapla, published by the Bagsters in 1841, for which he wrote the very valuable "Historical Account of the English Versions of the Scriptures," which was prefixed to it on its first issue. (In later impressions of the work, a different "Historical Account," less full and comprehensive, was substituted. The latter is ascribed to the Rev. Christopher Anderson.)

As early as August, 1838, Dr. Tregelles had formed the plan of a critical edition of the Greek Testament, to be founded solely on ancient authorities, and had prepared a specimen; but his first published essay in the department of textual criticism was The Book of Revelation in Greek. Edited from Ancient Authorities, with a new English Ver sion and Various Readings (London, 1844). This work at once commanded the respect of scholars for the care and thoroughness with which it was executed, though it was in direct opposition to the spirit of superstitious reverence which then prevailed in England for the so-called Received Text. After its publication, Dr. Tregelles devoted himself in earnest to the preparation of a critical

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