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confidence or discipline, and more anxious to disperse to their homes than meet the enemy. On one occasion it was proposed to make an attack upon Bucharest, and the janissaries, eager for booty, pressed for the expedition. The Vizier replied, that such an attack should be executed by infantry, not cavalry; that the janissaries were by right an infantry corps; but now every janissary had a horse, and fought as he pleased. The Vizier offered to lead the janissaries against Bucharest, if they would quit their horses. But they refused to march on foot. Indeed, it was found impossible to recruit either janissaries or spahis as long as their corps were in actual campaign. Youth, anxious for military renown, obtained much better pay by enlisting as volunteers for the campaign, and being free when it was over. In short, the Turks were in a state of transition between their old feudal military organisation, and the new one of paid troops. But the change was operated by weak hands, who spoiled both systems, and so demoralised the Turkish host, that, although individually brave, they could neither be commanded nor depended on. At the commencement of the campaign the Seraskier of Wallachia and his two chief agas perished in an insurrection of the janissaries. And, with an immense army on the Danube, the Sultan's officers could do little more than defend it. The revolt of the janissaries afforded the Russian general Ollitz the opportunity of attacking and capturing Giurgevo, which the Turks had retained, and which they had fortified by a double entrenchment and a number of guns. But the Grand Vizier some time after dispatched a division of 12,000 Turks, who retook Giurgevo in the same expeditious manner. General Essen at the head of 22,000 men again attacked Giurgevo, but was beaten off; and it was then that the janissaries desired to be led against Bucharest.

The great event of 1771 was the conquest of the Crimea by the Russians under Prince Dolgorowski. The Porte, indeed, sadly mismanaged and indisposed every semi-independent state, even although it were Mahometan. They had but one rule and one policy, which was, to despoil and decapitate every chief or commander who proved unfortunate, which by no means secured the appointment of any more capable.

The family of Ghivai reigned over the Crim Tartars, and the Porte had done little for a century except to change, slay, enthrone and dethrone the different members of the family, so that a settled administration was impossible. In 1771 Selim Ghivai had quite sufficient force to defend the wall and the fortresses which guarded the entrance to the Crimea. But he made no use of them; and neither he nor the Turks, who always garrisoned the towns, made any resistance. The Russians overran the peninsula and took all the towns, whilst Selim Ghivai fled to Constantinople, and the Turkish pacha to Sinope. In the month of July, 1771, the Russians were complete and undisputed masters of the Crimea. The chief Tartars, and even two sons of Selim Ghivai withdrew their allegiance to the Sultan, and transferred it

to Catherine. When at the same time Syria and Egypt were in insurrection, and Georgia menacing to imitate the Crimea, it may be judged how near the brink of ruin the incapacity of Sultan and Vizier had reduced the empire.

In consequence of these reverses the new Grand Vizier adopted the plan of defensive war, which has almost ever since been resorted to by the Porte. Leaving strong garrisons in Silistria and the other fortresses on the Danube, he collected his army in a camp at Schoumla, a position strong in itself, and commanding the plains of Bulgaria, strengthening it with works and entrenchments, and a formidable artillery. In this attitude the Porte awaited the result of those negotiations which the powers of Europe hastened to undertake, in order to save the tottering empire of the Sultan from the grasp of Russia. The first to give support to Turkey was Austria, who, however, did so secretly, venturing no further than to bargain for a subsidy in return for future military aid.

Frederic of Prussia was also rendered uneasy by the progress of Russian arms. Symptoms and proofs of the rising jealousy and probable hostility of the two German courts alarmed the Czarina, and she in consequence came forward, as Russia always does, with a declaration of her readiness to make peace. She accompanied this with a proposal to Prussia for a partition of Poland, a suggestion the best calculated to mollify the hostility of the two German courts, and to turn their ideas into another channel. It must be added, that along with the great victories and military advantages which the Russians had gained, they had also suffered immense loss, both by war and disease, and that the empire was not in a condition then to furnish either the men or the supplies for prosecuting the war beyond the Danube. An armistice was in consequence concluded between the belligerents in May, 1772.

This truce lasted a whole twelvemonth, during which Russia offered to cede its conquests in Moldavia and Bessarabia, and give up all the towns, provided the Crimea was given up by the Turks, and the independence of the Tartars acknowledged. What this independence meant, appears from the condition that the Russians were to garrison the fortified towns in lieu of the Turks. The Sultan refused to cede his sovereignty over the Tartars, alleging that the religion of Mahomet obliged him to remain the sovereign of all the Faithful. The Sultan counted, moreover, on the mediation and support of Austria and of Prussia. But these powers merely objected to the extension of the Russian dominions westward of the Black Sea. They would not permit Russia to advance to the Danube, but had no objection to its extension on the side of Tartary. When we mention that it was, moreover, in that very year of truce, that the first partition of Poland was planned and perpetrated, the reason will be understood of Russia's not pressing the war, and of Austria and Prussia being lukewarm in their support of the Sultan. Towards the expiration of the truce, the Ottoman ministers were inclined to

yield, but the Oulemas would not permit the Mahometan towns of the Crimea to be given up to the infidels.

War therefore recommenced, and assumed, as we before observed, that same system of offence on the part of the Russians, and defence on that of the Turks, which has been the routine of subsequent wars. The Grand Vizier entrenched himself with a large army in a camp at Schoumla, whilst the Russians, passing the Danube, first laid siege to Silistria, and then turned their efforts against Varna. Could they get possession of the latter place, they might winter in Bulgaria. In the sieges of these two places the Russians spent the entire campaign of 1773; and in both attempts they were unsuccessful. The Turkish commanders in Silistria and in Varna made, each of them, a valiant defence, beat off Romanzoff, and compelled him, in both cases, to retreat behind the Danube. On one occasion, the Turks tried to cut off their retreat, and had occupied a defile through which General Weismann must pass. That general saw his danger, but did not hesitate to attack the Turks with all his force. This succeeded in cutting its way through, but left the general mortally wounded.

It is remarkable, that whenever the Turks were in small bodies, and had trust in their commanders, whether defending a town or marching on an expedition, their discipline was good, and their efforts marked by daring, and crowned with success. But whenever they were in large armies, amounting to 100,000 men and upwards, as at Schoumla, they became unmanageable, fought with each other, deserted, disbanded, and proved a weakness, rather than a defence, to the empire. In rencontres of small divisions of either army, during 1773, the Russians had generally the worst of it. But when, in 1774, General Romanzoff determined to put an end to the war, by marching upon Schoumla itself, he obtained full success. The Turkish army in Schoumla was more numerous than the Russian. The latter advanced nevertheless, and as only cavalry came forth to repel them, General Kamenskoi defeated them, and infused discouragement into the Turkish camp. The Russians took post all round it, not only on the side of the plain and of Varna, but in the defiles of the Hæmus behind Schoumla. The incapable Vizier took no steps to prevent this. The consequence was, that the troops of the camp, finding themselves ill commanded, and gradually surrounded by the enemy, went off in whole bodies, and took the road to Constantinople.

The Vizier was left without an army. He was accordingly compelled to treat, and to accept such terms as the Russians pleased to impose. Under such circumstances was concluded the Treaty of Kainardje, on the 26th of July, 1764.

By this treaty Russia gained the Crimea, given up nominally to the Tartars, but with Russian garrisons in Kertch and Yenikale, as well as Azov. Russia restored Wallachia, Moldavia, and Bessarabia. The countries between the Bog and the Dneister were to belong to neither Turkey nor Russia, but were to be a

frontier between them, Turkey, however, retaining Oczakov. The straits were to be opened to Russian traders. With respect to the conquests ceded by the Russians in the Archipelago, and north of the Danube, Russia stipulated that the Christians and their priesthood should continue to enjoy the privileges and immunities of which they were possessed, and, moreover, that the Porte would listen to the demand for the erection of a Greek church at Pera. It is these stipulations, contained in the seventh article of the treaty, which have been the cause of the present quarrel, and of the war to which it has led, or is likely to lead. Previous to the Treaty of Kainardje, now eighty years concluded, Russia never advanced any pretensions on the score of religious fraternity or sympathy, over the Greeks, or other Christians subject to the Porte.

SEMPRE LO STESSO.

BY H. T. TUCKERMAN.

EVER the same!—let this our watchword be
Upon the dreary battlements of time,
With a clear soul I breathe it unto thee

In tones whose fervour mocks this idle rhyme;
Ever the same;-how sweet to earn with pain
The tested love that casteth out all fear,
And amid all we suffer, doubt and feign,

To own one true and self-absorbing sphere!
Ever the same;-as moons the waters draw,
A simple presence calms all inward strife,
And by the sway of some benignant law,

With high completeness fills the sense of life:
The Holy One this sacred thought confest
When leaned the fond disciple on his breast.

RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS OF CAMPAIGNS UNDER THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON.

"THE noble army he had so long commanded," with due deference to Monsieur Thiers, was not that which served under Wellington at Waterloo. About one third of the men perhaps might have been the same, but it was not the army of which its commander said that, "with it, he could have marched over Europe."

After the close of the war of 1814, in the South of France, the bulk of the Peninsular army sailed, with some few exceptions, for America, and did not return in time to bear a part in the closing scene of Napoleon's career. A few battalions only, favoured by fair winds and fine weather, landed in Belgium, and were on the march up, once more to serve in the ranks of their old chief, but arriving too late, came like la moutarde après le diner. Volunteers from our militia and recruits, hastily got together, formed principally the ranks of those who fought at Waterloo.

Most famously and right well did they sustain their own character and their nation's honour. All the staff, and most of the other officers, had previously served with the Duke; those in the junior grades, however, and at least two thirds of the men were fresh hands, with good constitutions and youthful looks. It is a fine thing to be young! Our health is hearty, and our powers great, unburthened with too much profundity of reflection. Keen for celebrity, and careless of consequences, the young soldier possessed all the love of distinction, gently softened by the bloom of inexperience. "Oh, the merry days, the merry days when I was young!" bring back thoughts of joyous hours and happy frolic, aye! and the remembrance of kindred hearts and kind friends, now all gone!

In our present peaceful days the opportunity for a young soldier to distinguish himself is of rare occurrence. I have heard of one lately who, having tried all things, has at last found an expedient with great probability of success. En désespoir de cause, this young officer, on joining his regiment in a certain metropolis, has taken a lodging in a fashionable street, gives himself out as a Republican, and keeps a monkey. That's brave.

Our Waterloo army, without detracting from their great merit, were quite a different specimen of humanity from our old Peninsular people, and instances of the want of savoir faire occasionally occurred, two of which happened in the company I commanded. Amongst the whole of them I had but six old soldiers, the rest, subalterns and all, were fine gallant young innocents.

We arrived at Quatre Bras on the 16th June, at about 6 o'clock in the evening; on halting for a short time at Nivelles, we had heard a cannonade, and on reaching the battle-field, we found severe fighting had already been going on some hours. The

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