In today's Enquirer, readers will find a large special section devoted to the dynamic Ohio Valley. It has been assembled and written with care. It is not just a series of "plugs" for river improvement and the industries most dependent on the river. On the contrary, there are many thoughtful and painstakingly prepared articles, such as the excellent one by Senator Thruston B. Morton of Kentucky.

What elements have brought about the astonishing growth of this industrial empire along the Ohio? At bottom, there are three factors.

One is the resources provided by a benevolent nature-coal in abundance, and a river that provides not only cheap transport, but water for cities and industries, and water also for cooling the condensers of great power plants.

Another element is the energy and imagination of business enterprise, of men who risk their capital and effort to build rewarding industries.

And the other element is the long-range investment program of governmentin improving the river for navigation; in construction of atomic energy facilities; and in major outlays for expressways, urban redevelopment, stream purification and similar physical betterments.

This editorial is an invitation to every reader to take a closer look at the Ohio River Valley, through the columns of our special section.

It is also a reminder that if Cincinnati is to play its full part in the continued development of this busy, productive region, it must reexamine itself as a city.

It must make sure that it is functionally adequate for its role, with the communications, the marketing facilities, the cultural and amusement resources, and all the other elements required of the central city of the Ohio Valley.

EXHIBIT 2

[From the Sunday Gazette-Mail, Charleston, W. Va., Apr. 12, 1959]

EDITORIAL RIVERS MAKING VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY

The long simmering controversy surrounding river transportation's place in the economy has been treated at length in a study made public last week, and from the conclusions reached we're satisfied that the Ohio and its tributaries have been beneficial to foe and friend alike.

Protagonists in the controversy have been the railroads and bargelines, with the railroads contending with some justification that, for the taxes they pay, the bargelines get more than enough of their costs back in indirect subsidies. But whether such taxes should be sharply increased, as the railroads sometimes suggest, is a question calling for more examination in light of the facts now available.

Prepared by Joseph R. Hartley of Indiana University, the study shows with historical and economic documentation that the Ohio and its navigable tributaries including the Kanawha and Monongahela-have had a significant impact on the development and growth of communities as far back in the watersheds as mining towns on the lesser streams.

Revolutionary changes in river transportation equipment, plus improved canalization, have brought about a spectacular growth in river traffic, according to Dr. Hartley's findings. On the Ohio itself barge tonnage has grown from 22 million tons in 1929 to 81,600,000 tons in 1957, with many of the present barge tows amounting to four or five trainloads of freight.

The Kanawha and Monongahela also have experienced increased popularity as bulk freight arteries. Between 1948 and 1957 Kanawha River traffic, most of it coal and chemicals, climbed from 5,900,000 tons to 8,900,000 tons. And the Monongahela, the study says, "has been one of the most heavily traveled waterways in the world for many years."

But increased tonnages are in themselves only a minor part of the Ohio River story. The transformation of the Ohio and its major tributaries into superwaterways has encouraged industry to locate more than $13 billion worth of new plants in the region and thereby change what had been a declining economy into one of boom proportions.

As Dr. Hartley says, the Kanawha Valley has become the location for one of the biggest chemical complexes in the Nation; some of the largest aluminum smelters in the world have come to the Ohio Valley; and makers of other basic products have migrated to the Ohio and its satellite rivers.

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"The resultant economic boom," he concludes, "may well have provided the railroads paralleling the Ohio with more freight traffic and revenue than would have occurred if the economy of the valley had continued its decline of the 1930's and 1940's.

He makes an interesting and cogent point, especially in times like these when so many people swept aside by the industrial revolution in coal mining have found jobs in Ohio and Kanawha Valley manufacturing plants.

EXHIBIT 3

[From the Courier-Journal, Apr. 12, 1959]

PORK BARREL? WELL, LET'S HAVE SOME OF IT

Everyone had a good time down at Dismal Rock near Brownsville April 4, at the ceremonies breaking ground for the $14,400,000 Nolin River Dam. It was a pretty spring day, and a big crowd turned out to hear Senators Cooper and Morton and Congressman Natcher. Members of the Green River Valley Citizens League and the Nolin River Valley Development League stood around looking pleased, as they had every right to do. They have worked a long time to get this dam underway, and it is going to mean a lot to the country around the valley. Congressman Natcher had a good point when he criticized those who term appropriations for such work "pork barrel" implying political back scratching and the waste of Federal funds. We can't think of many ways that Federal funds could be better spent. By itself, the Nolin Dam will provide its worth in recreational area and in direct flood control. As part of the system of dams to control, store, and use the waters of the Green and its tributaries, it will help to serve a section of the State that can use the economic lift.

REVERSING A TREND

These dams on the Green, Barren, Nolin and Rough Rivers will eventually free this part of the State from floods, make the Green navigable by major barges and provide a year-around supply of industrial water that will make possible the industrial development of the region. For the past 15 years the towns along the Green River Valley have been losing population, jobs and income, though the hills along the river are rich with some of the world's largest re serves of coal. The river-development plan will help to reverse this economic trend.

Regardless of the role played in our economy by atomic energy, coal is going to be used for many years to come, if only because it is still the most economic fuel for the production of electricity needed in the production of atomic materials. And increasingly in recent years, power producers have been examining the advantages of building steam generating plants at the source of coal and transmitting the electricity to the point of consumption rather than shipping the coal to plants built near consumers. And here, of course, is possible opportunity for the Green River Valley.

Unfortunately, there is not now a year-around dependable supply of the plentiful water that such establishments as steamplants need. But completion of the dam system on the Green and its tributaries will assure a constant, controlled water flow that will support not only a vast electrical industry but the metals and fabricating plants that must have a nearby source of plentiful power. As Congressman Natcher says, if this is pork barrel, let's have more of it, and

soon.

EXHIBIT 5

[From the Enquirer, Jan. 18, 1960]

TOWARD CLEAN WATER

When progress almost ceases to be news, it means we're really progressing. Buried back in the run of the news in our columns one day recently was an article reporting that the Hamilton County Commissioners had about worked out the preliminaries for the construction of a $500,000 sewage treatment plant to serve the upriver drainage areas of Three, Four and Five Mile Roads.

Sewage treatment plants were virtually as rare as hen's teeth a decade ago. According to a report made to a committee of Congress last fall by Edward J.

Cleary, executive director and chief engineer of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, when the commission began its work in 1948 less than 1 percent of the 3.6 million people living along the banks of the Ohio River provided any treatment for their sewage.

Literally, the Ohio and its tributaries were an open sewer. Vast cities, towns, hamlets, industrial plants of all kinds simply poured their sewage and wastes promiscuously into the river. Each and almost all were in turn the victims of sin and sinners. The pollution content of the river grew steadily worse as it moved downstream-there being limits to the natural ability of a moving stream to purify itself. Indeed, there were seasons and occasions when only a minimum of self-purification could take place.

Today, Mr. Cleary was able to report, 95 percent of the population of the rivershed has a treatment plant operating or being readied for operation as fast as construction contractors can complete them.

This is a really epochal accomplishment, considering that there are 116 municipalities and at least 81 major industries depending upon the Ohio River for water and as a place for disposal of fluids.

Sewage treatment isn't cheap or easy. A great many millions of dollars have been spent in the urban communities-Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisvilleon sewage treatment plants. So far as industrial wastes are concerned, threefourths of the industries in the area have installed control facilities of one kind or another. Not all are adequate yet, but most of the industries now have done something to prevent degradation of the river water, where a few years ago virtually nothing was being done.

The progress, to date was achieved mainly through the eight-State river purification compact which was signed right here in Cincinnati. The Federal Government has helped, and is helping, but the affected States made it their own business to clean up the mess that was the Ohio River and its tributaries a decade ago.

This could not have been possible without the strong backing of public sentiment.

We hope that everyone in this vast area will never cease to realize the importance of what has been achieved, and will press for a continuation of the effort until a fully adequate job has been done.

EXHIBIT 6

Mr. ROBERT C. LEWIS,

ROBERT C. SMITH & ASSOCIATES,
Columbus, Ohio, January 21, 1960.

Manager, The Southwestern Ohio Water Co. Cincinnati, Ohio

DEAR MR. LEWIS: Enclosed is a hydrograph of a State operated observation well located on the sand and gravel terrace adjacent to the Ohio River at North Bend, Ohio. It is intended to be used to show the effect that the proposed Markland Dam on the Ohio River could have on well water supplies from the sand and gravel that underlies and borders the river, on one side or the other, throughout almost its entire length. If river stages for the same period (1958) are added to the hydrograph, the rise and fall of the ground-water levels in response to river changes will be obvious.

The point to be made is that the increased depth of water produced by the Markland Dam will result in higher ground-water levels adjacent to the river when the river is in pool stage. Because well yields are directly proportional to the head available, the added head will result in greater supplies of water. Total supplies from the gravel adjacent to the river are governed by the infiltration capacity of the river bottom. The rate of infiltration is proportional to the head of water in the river. In some areas along the Ohio River it has been determined that the infiltration rate is about 250,000 gallons a day per foot of head per acre of stream bottom. Wherever such conditions prevail, an added four feet of water, for example, at pool stage would add one million gallons a day per acre of stream bottom to the available supply.

Sincerely yours,

ROBERT C. SMITH, Consulting Ground-Water Hydrologist.

EXHIBIT 7

[From the Cincinnati Enquirer, Jan. 26, 1960]

THE OHIO: BUSIEST OF ALL GREAT RIVERS

(By William H. Hessler, Enquirer staff writer)

Rivers can be an absorbing study. They are as diverse as people, and have as much personality. Some are wild and unpredictable, like the Yangtze. Some are completely trustworthy, like the Nile. Some are steep, like the Columbia, and can be harnessed for power. Some are flat, like the Mississippi, and are good for navigation without dams, but may need dredging.

Some like the Yangtze again-have broad flood plains, which they replenish with top soil from year to year. But others, like the Rhine, flow between high banks in narrow valleys, and draw tourists for their beauty.

Such is the diversity of great rivers.

Our own, the Ohio, is one of the great rivers of the world. It is not as long as most of the great ones; and it is a tributary of a much larger one. It is not as well-behaved as most, and has needed much taming.

But for various reasons the Ohio has become the busiest of all great rivers.

To appreciate the Ohio River, and understand its defects as well as its virtues, we can best take a fleeting look at a dozen of the great rivers of the world and then make some comparisons.

The longest of them are the Nile, the Mississippi-Missouri, and the Amazon, each about 4,000 miles from source to mouth. Ranking next are the Yangtze, flowing turbulently across the breadth of China; the Lena, reaching northward through Siberia to the Artic Ocean; and the Congo, flowing 2,900 miles through tropical rain, forest and grassland in the heart of Africa.

The greatest by far in terms of volume is the Amazon, discharging 7.2 million cubic feet of water per second. The next is the Plate-Parana, which taps the same vast rain-forest area of Brazil but makes its exit southward between Argentina and Uruguay.

The most cherished rivers, probably, are those which rise in lands of good rainfall and then flow into parched regions where water is the most precious of commodities.

The Tigris and Euphrates provide a good example. Rising in Turkey where there is fair rainfall, they flow into Iraq, which would be worthless desert otherwise, and join to form the Shatt-el-Arab for the last 100 miles to the Persian Gulf. Most of the water that flows into Iraq in the north either evaporates or else is drained off for irrigation. Only a very small fraction of it reaches the sea.

Diverse sources, and the lakes, give the Nile a remarkably uniform flow. It ranges with wonderful monotony from two feet deep in May to 25 feet deep in October, year after year, century after century. Thus for milenniums it has flooded a long, narrow plain, renewing the fertility of a slim, twisting garden that still feeds 25 million Egyptians. The Nile is the kindest of great rivers, because it brings water with unvarying consistency from the humid tropics where water is a nuisance to a great desert, where rainfall is less than four inches a year and water is infinitely precious.

The Ganges, angling down the most populous valley of India, is different. Fed by monsoon rains, it is less predictable. But it gives life to scores of millions, and so it has become a holy stream.

The greatest of Asian rivers, however, is the Yangtze. And like our own Ohio, it is a bad actor.

The great rivers of Siberia-the Lena, Ob and Yenisei- flow northward to the Arctic. They are navigable, at some places and times, but still untamed. Flowing across vast areas of permanently frozen land, they often spread over enormous spaces in flood. They carry great trees and even whole forests across the frozen plains into the ocean.

The Volga, on which I made a brief journey by steamer last summer, is much more like our Ohio. Although longer and larger, it is similar in being the main artery of a great national waterways network. Once it was connected to the Don by the Volga-Don Canal, it made possible the linking of the Black, Caspian, White and Baltic Seas, at the four corners of European Russia. The Volga is a barrier too, for east-west land transport. There are only a dozen crossings on this 1,500-mile obstruction. Russia has the greatest internal waterways system in the world, and the Volga is its spinal column.