group with such titles as "land grab gang," "special interests," or "exploiters of our natural resources," is as patently unfair as it is for a forest industry man to accuse all sportsmen or campers of being "irresponsible,” “gun happy,” “firebugs," or "litterbugs" and therefore unfit to exercise the privilege of hunting on private land * * *. These blanket indictments thrown down from the rostrum or blared in the press make for fine sonics, but exclude any possibility of mutual interest or a hearing of the other point of view. Resentment becomes the order of the day, facts become distorted, and instead of working closely together in the solution of problems, the opposite is true. There is no place here for personal prejudice, suspicion, backbiting, dishonesty, or evasion.

We all seem to feel we possess the inalienable right to criticize. Conversely, we almost invariably find criticism unpalatable. In presenting criticism, which is in fact our right and responsibility, it is extremely important that such criticism be presented with tact and diplomacy. If we are the recipients of criticism it is absolutely essential we profit by it no matter how the method of presentation, We should recognize the fact that when criticism is felt to be necessary, either misunderstanding or actual error was in evidence. This also indicates interest in what is being done. It is a duty to examine carefully every criticism rendered before rejecting it.

And, finally, Senator Kerr, as a private citizen, I would like to express my personal appreciation, and I am sure that this is shared by many people who have heard your remarks today or who read your remarks in this morning's newspaper. Your presence on the Maine scene with regard to our water resources problems-I cannot say "policy" problems has done a great deal I believe to clarify the issue and to bring certain salient points out into the open.

I thank you for this opportunity to be heard.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Mr. Pynchon.
Senator MUSKIE. Thank you.

We have two more witnesses, Mr. Chairman, who have indicated that their testimony will be brief.

First is Mr. Monie, chairman of the Maine Water Utilities Association Committee.

STATEMENT OF WILLIAM D. MONIE, CHAIRMAN, MAINE WATER UTILITIES ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE

Mr. MONIE. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee.

My name is William D. Monie and I am chairman of the committee resources of the Water Utilities Association.

The consumption of water has increased tremendously over the years. In 1955 public water supplies in the United States served a population of 115 million with 17 billion gallons per day, or an average of 148 gallons per person per day.

With constantly increasing standards of living, increased water using devices, and increased population, the use of water in this country is on the upswing. Authorities have computed that water use in the United States has quadrupled while population doubled, and population continues to increase by 3.9 million a year.

The 1955 figure of 148 gallons per person per day average usage from public water supplies is only a drop in the bucket to the actual consumption of water used per person per day from all sources. Public water supply furnishes only a small portion of water used for industrial purposes and irrigation. Statisticians have computed that for each person in this country about 1,300 gallons of water per day is required to provide us with our present standard of living, without including water used in power production.

We must also include recreation in our study of water uses. With more leisure time and greater prosperity an ever-increasing number of our people are making use of our water resources for swimming, boating, fishing, camping, and so forth.

From this information it is obvious that a person doesn't have to be a Rhodes scholar to visualize the ever-increasing importance of water in this country as its population and standards of living go forward.

We have the following interests with fingers in and competing for a slice of the water pie: The public water supply; the farmer with irrigation; industry, power, recreation; and the individual wateruser not served by public supplies. The most important use is the public water supply, for without water to sustain life there is no need for any of the other uses.

We are fortunate in Maine that our water supplies statewide are on the average more than adequate to meet the needs of the State. I do not mean to imply that there are not regions in the State that do no suffer from inadequate water supply. There are such regions where the cost of bringing the supplies from ample sources are economically infeasible. Nevertheless, to date there has been at most times more than sufficient water available in the State for all interests so that serious water-right fights between the parties above mentioned have not occurred.

However, as population increases in Maine with corresponding industrial expansion and with all the resultant increases in water demand, the time will come when additional legislation will be necessary so as to apportion the proper uses of the State's great asset,

water.

The Maine Water Utilities Association in recognition of future. needs has appointed a committee on natural resources to study this matter and recommend to the association types of legislation which it should support. The utilities association feels strongly that such legislation should be considered now when it can be done calmly and allow all interests to study the matter rather than see legislation enacted in the future under emergency conditions with resultant

stresses.

The association's committee has been authorized to have abstracted all existing laws of the State relating to water resources. When this information has been compiled and studied, an attempt will be made to aid in the preparing of a bill for submission to the legislature.

The Maine Water Utilities Association is concerned over the pollution of the waters of the State. This interest is concerned with both surface and underground water supplies. The association is strongly behind all programs designed to stop further pollution and commonsense programs aimed at the decrease and eventual elimination of existing pollution.

In this respect we are concerned with the increased amount of boating in our rivers and lakes. These boats, large and small, together with marinas where they are concentrated, are providing ever-increasing pollution to our waters. It is our opinion that legislation is also needed to curtail this newer source of pollution.

The association is in accord with efforts now being made to survey the underground water potential of this State and feel that this pro

gram should be expanded greatly. Recent developments in Maine show a marked tendency toward the use of ground water for public water supplies. An adequate ground water supply protected from pollution can be the economic answer to water supply for communities distant from surface supplies.

We are also interested in the proper development and uses of our watershed areas to conserve both our soil and our water. In this regard, the association is concerned with the filling in of Great Pond shore areas for the purpose of making land. This practice if allowed to continue, could, over a long period of time, seriously deplete water storage.

The Maine Water Utilities Association is well aware of the great value to the people of the State of Maine of its water supply and will support all reasonable efforts to keep it free of pollution and to properly regulate its use.

Thank you very much.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Mr. Monie.

Senator MUSKIE. Thank you, Mr. Monie.

The last witness we have on our list, Mr. Chairman, is a representative of the State chamber of commerce, Mr. Leonard Bishop. The CHAIRMAN. All right, Mr. Bishop.

STATEMENT OF LEONARD L. BISHOP, PRESIDENT, MAINE STATE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Mr. BISHOP. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, Senator Muskie, and Governor Clauson, my name is Leonard L. Bishop. I am president of the Maine State Chamber of Commerce, a Statewide business organization, with offices located in Portland, Maine.

I am sure that it is very evident to the committee that the State of Maine is blessed with good and abundant water resources and that we do not have reason for concern for the future in this area of our natral resources, so far as can be seen at the present.

The comments which I am about to make, reflect the viewpoint of our members, who throughout the years have strongly advocated the principle of States' rights.

We are opposed to intervention by the Federal Government in affairs that are essentially the concern of the individual States.

It is our conviction that the function of the Federal Government in regard to water resources is the accomplishment of a broad research program and the drafting of a sound water resources development policy for consideration of the Congress. Such a policy should be predicated on the American way of life with full and complete recognition of the rights of the individual States.

It should guarantee to our people the right to develop water resources based on sound economics and actual needs. Each State has its individual problems in such matters and it must be obvious that no national plan could possibly provide the solution. There may be water problems in many States that do not exist in Maine but we maintain that it is their prerogative to deal with them.

It has been demonstrated that research is the key to progress and it has likewise been proven that large-scale research is more economical and more productive than piece-meal efforts along similar lines.

This is a job that we believe could be better done at the Federal level than by the individual States and, in our opinion, at less cost to the taxpayer.

Studies made by Federal agencies are useful and provide valuable sources of information, however, the solutions to problems should be found by the individual States. Development of sound solution to water resources problems by the States will result in a workable national problem.

Maine is compelled to compete in the marketplace with other areas of our Nation and, we hope, will always advance its competitive position through actions reflecting a favorable "business climate."

In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I would address myself briefly to the testimony offered by Mr. McMahon on behalf of the Maine Public Utilities Commission.

It is apparent that the members of the commission-if Mr. McMahon was speaking for the other members are laboring under the delusion that so-called Federal money is manna from heaven and that the Federal Government can solve its fiscal problems by borrowing money at 412 percent-or more and loaning it out at 2 percent for various and sundry projects, all of which purport to be in the best interest of the people.

Unless I have been misinformed, Mr. Chairman, the Federal Government has but one source of revenue and that source is the millions of taxpaying citizens of this great Nation, commonly referred to as "the people."

It may be news to the members of the committee and to your colleagues in Congress that at long last "the people" have come to the realization that "Federal money," whether it be in the form of grantsin-aid, matching funds, loans or what have you, is a snare and a delusion.

Actually, Federal funds, when returned to the States, cities, and towns in whatever form, represent nothing more than a small part of the hard-earned dollars taken from our people in the first instance through the imposition of a myriad of Federal taxes.

You will note that I said a small part of our hard-earned dollars. It could not be otherwise, for the dollars originally collected have been subjected to the unrealistic overhead of an ever-growing Federal bureaucracy.

To prove my point if proof be needed, I submit the following figures for the fiscal year 1958 which I am sure are reliable as they were furnished by a Member of Congress.

In the year 1958, the citizens of Maine contributed to the Federal treasury, the sum of $191,286,000 in Federal taxes. For the same year, the State of Maine received a total of $39,391,042 in Federal aid payments or $151,804,958 less than was collected from our people. If these figures are representative of those of the other States it is quite obvious that the "cost of doing business" at the Federal level is more than the people can stand.

By the same token, it would appear that the people of the 70 Maine communities who are without public water systems, would get far more for their money if they spent it at the local level rather than subject it to the shrinking process of Washington "overhead."

Perhaps the water rates of the good people of Bowdoinham would be reduced from $80 per year to $60 if they had been able to borrow money at 2 percent from the Federal Government rather than the 42 percent which they apparently had to pay but just what difference does it make to the individual if his water bill is lowered and his involuntary contributions to the Federal Treasury are increased correspondingly.

The Maine State Chamber of Commerce firmly believes that it is high time that the various and sundry agencies of the Federal Government ceased trying to make the people of this country believe that the philosophy of "something for nothing" is the backlog of a sound economy and we further believe that the time has come for the Federal Government to get out of the competition with its own citizens whether it be in the field of banking, manufacturing the growing of peanuts or any of the other 3,000 businesses presently being operated by the Federal Government.

In a brief span of time as the time of nations is measured, our country has constantly grown in stature until today we are the greatest Nation on the face of the earth with a standard of living for our people unequalled anywhere in the world.

All of this has been accomplished under the American system of free enterprise and until recently with a minimum of Government interference.

The Maine State Chamber of Commerce has in the past and will continue in the future to resist further governmental encroachment upon the sovereignty of the individual States and the constitutional rights of all of our citizens.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Mr. Bishop.
Senator MUSKIE. Thank you, Leonard.

There is one other witness, Mr. Chairman, who is not on our list of witnesses.

We are fortunate to have present, as I indicated this morning, Gen. Alden K. Sibley, who is division engineer of the Corps of Engineers. We would ask him to give us a briefing relative to the Passamaquoddy project. We have already had some discussion of that project today.

I would simply like to ask General Sibley if, in his judgment, there is additional information of a brief nature that he would give to the committee at this time which the committee might find useful. STATEMENT OF BRIG. GEN. ALDEN K. SIBLEY, DIVISION ENGINEER, NEW ENGLAND, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

General SIBLEY. I am Brig. Gen. Alden K. Sibley, division engineer of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Division, New England.

Senator Kerr, members of the select committee, Governor Clauson, Senator Muskie.

I am here in response to Senator Hart's letter of November 17, 1959, in which he asks General Itschner to see that the corps was represented at your hearing.

And I understand that General Itschner is having some reports. prepared for your committee which will be presented on a worldwide or countrywide basis.