group of individuals, technically known as the political bureau of the Russian Communist Party. Second, the spiritual and organic connection between this Moscow group and its agent in this country-the American Communist Party and its legal counterpart, the Workers' Party. Not only are these organizations the creation of Moscow, but the latter has also elaborated their program and controlled and supervised their activities. While there may have existed in the United States individuals, and even groups, imbued with Marxist doctrines prior to the advent of the Communist International, the existence of a disciplined party equipped with a program aiming at the overthrow of the institutions of this country by force and violence is due to the intervention of the Bolshevik organizations into the domestic political life of the United States. The essential fact is the existence of an organization in the United States created by and completely subservient to a foreign organization striving to overthrow the existing social and political order of this country. Third, the subversive and pernicious activities of the American Communist Party and the Workers' Party and their subordinate and allied organs in the United States are activities resulting from and flowing out of the program elaborated for them by the Moscow group. (Letter to Hon. William E. Borah, then chairman, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Jan. 21, 1924.)

In its present inquiry, the subcommittee is particularly concerned, for obvious reasons, with the Colby prophecy that Communist diplo macy would become "a channel for intrigues and the propaganda of revolt," and that "diplomatic agencies" would be used "to promote revolutionary movements in other countries." What happened between the time Secretary of State Colby made his prophecy and the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security began its inquiry on Activities of United States Citizens Employed by the United Nations? Trends in Russian Foreign Policy Since World War 1, a publication of the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress (1947),' contains much of the basic record:

6. The basic record

In 1921, the British Government granted de facto recognition to the Soviet Government by means of a trade agreement. The agree ment provided for the prohibition of Bolshevik propaganda in Great Britain. Only 2 short years later, Britain threatened to terminate that agreement because Soviet agents were spreading anti-British propaganda in Afghanistan, Persia, and India.

In 1924, regardless of what had already happened, Britain granted the U. S. S. R. de jure recognition. Three years later it terminated both the trade agreement and recognition because the Soviet diplomatic service in Great Britain was acting as a "channel for intrigues and the propaganda of revolt," precisely as our American Secretary of State had predicted 7 years before. (Trends in Russian Foreign Policy, pp. 5, 7, 8, 10.)

In 1924, China and the U. S. S. R. established "normal" diplomatic relations. Under the treaty "each country was to refrain from spreading propaganda against the institutions of the other." Three years later China broke off relations because the Soviet diplomatic service, once more, was acting "as a channel for intrigues and the propaganda of revolt." (Ibid., pp. 8, 10, 11.)

In 1924, Mexico recognized the U. S. S. R. In 1930, Mexico withdrew that recognition. (Ibid., pp. 9, 11.)

Hearings of Special Committee of the House of Representatives to Investigate Communist Activities in the United States, p. 530. Incorporated in the record of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee by reference March 10, 1954, transcript p. 5.

Incorporated in record by reference, March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 5.

In 1926, Uruguay recognized the U. S. S. R. In 1935, Uruguay withdrew that recognition, "charging Communist activity in Uruguay and elsewhere in South America. (Ibid., pp. 9, 15.)

That, in capsule form, is the story of Soviet "diplomacy" on three continents in the early years of the U. S. S. R.

7. What Bullitt saw in 1935

The United States Government granted recognition to the U. S. S. R. in November 1933, after an exchange of notes in which the Soviets promised to observe the common decencies of international conduct. President Roosevelt's first Ambassador to Moscow was William C. Bullitt. Bullitt had been in Moscow less than 2 years when Communist revolutionaries from all over the world, including the United States, assembled for the notorious Seventh World Congress of the Communist International. Ambassador Bullitt's dispatches to the United States Government during this period, in perspective, seem equally as prophetic as the earlier findings of Secretaries Colby and Hughes. Pertinent selections from his reports to Washington are included here. Their source is the State Department publication, "Foreign Relations of the United States, the Soviet Union, 1933-39.'

118

The aim of the Soviet Government is and will remain, to produce world revolution, said Ambassador Bullitt. The leaders of the Soviet Union believe that the first step toward this revolution must be to strengthen the defensive and offensive power of the Soviet Union. They believe that within 10 years the defense position of the Soviet Union will be absolutely impregnable and that within 15 years the offensive power of the Soviet Union will be sufficient to enable it to consolidate by its assistance any Communist government which may be set up in Europe. To maintain peace for the present, to keep the nations of Europe divided, to foster enmity between Japan and the United States, and gain the blind devotion and obedience of the Communists of all countries so that they will act against their own governments at the behest of the Communist Pope in the Kremlin, is the sum of Stalin's policy (p. 227).

I believe that we should employ this occasion to make clear to the American people the aims of the Soviet Government which lie behind the mask labeled "united front against fascism and war.”

I believe we should revoke the exequaturs of all Soviet consuls in New York and San Francisco, leaving only the consular section in the Soviet Embassy at Washington.

I believe that we should restrict to a minimum the granting of American visas to Soviet citizens (p. 246).

*** the people of the United States must be warned of the intentions of the Soviet Government and of the American and foreign Communists who take their orders from the dictator of the Soviet Government. Steps must be taken for the protection of our lives and liberties. To permit Soviet consuls to remain in American cities after the boasts of the Communist Congress with regard to fomenting strikes in the United States is impossible. As a first protective action the Secretary of State today has directed that the exequaturs of all Soviet consuls in the United States shall be canceled. He has also directed that all Soviet citizens who desire to come to the United States must be scrutinized with greater care than heretofore. We must prepare further methods of protection. And we must be vigilant in watching for the intrusion of those American and foreign agents of the Soviet Governnment who, in the simile of Dimitrov, will adopt the tactics of the Trojan horse and sneak into our midst, concealed by a covering of antifascism and peace to destroy our institutions, liberties, and lives (p. 247).

Incorporated in record by reference March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 4.

By 1950, which was 15 years after Mr. Bullitt's warning, the U. S. S. R. was master of satellite governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Poland. It was also aiding in the Communist overthrow of China.

8. When the U. S. S. R. was our “ally”

President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter August 14, 1941.10 Under its provisions the signatories promised to "seek no aggrandizement," to "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live," and to restore "sovereign rights and self-government to those who have been forcibly deprived of them." The Soviet Government expressed agreement with these principles in a statement to an interAllied meeting in London on September 24, 1941. (Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, 1939-45, State Department, pp. 50-51.)"

In 1945 the Soviet Government was still our "ally," in the war to establish the principles of the Atlantic Charter. In September of that year, Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet diplomat, went to the Canadian Government with documents which caused an immediate investigation by a specially appointed Canadian Royal Commission. When that investigation was concluded, the Royal Commission found:

There exists in Canada a Fifth Column organized and directed by Russian agents in Canada and in Russia. (The Report of the Royal Commission," p. 685.) Members of the staff of the Russian Embassy at Ottawa were actively engaged in inadmissible espionage activities *** (Ibid., p. 685.)

Membership in Communist organizations or a sympathy towards Communist ideologies was the primary force which caused these agents to agree to do the the acts (of espionage) referred to in their individual cases. (Ibid., p. 686.)

The Royal Commission also stated:

So far as the evidence discloses, the first head of the Military Intelligence espionage system in Canada after the arrival of the Soviet Minister was Sergei N. Koudriavtzev, whose official title was First Secretary of the Legation [later Embassy]. (Ibid., p. 15.)

Major Sokolov, on his arrival in Ottawa in 1942, began to reform the previous organization, and was directed by "Molier", who has been identified as one Mikhailov, an official of the Soviet Consulate in New York who came to Canada for that purpose. (Ibid., p. 15.)

On page 19 of the report of the Royal Commission Gouzenko is quoted as follows:

*** What transpired is only a modest or small part of all that is really here. You may have discovered 15 men but it still leaves in Canada this dangerous situation because there are other societies and other people working under every Embassy, under every consul in each place where there is a consulate. (Ibid., p. 19.)

9. Congress and the Attorney General

Attorney General Francis Biddle published an official decision on May 28, 1942, which read in part as follows:

That the Communist Party of the U. S. A., from the time of its inception in 1919 to the present time, is an organization that believes in, advises, advocates, and teaches the overthrow by force and violence of the Government of the United States ✶✶✶13

Eight years later Congress adopted the Subversive Activities Control Act, which contained this language:

SEC. 2. As a result of evidence adduced before various committees of the Senate and House of Representatives, the Congress hereby finds that

10 Incorporated in record by reference March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 5.

11 Incorporated in record by reference March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 5.

12 Incorporated in record by reference March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 4.

13 Harry Bridges before the Attorney General in deportation proceedings, p. 8. Incorporated in the record by reference March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 3.

(1) There exists a world Communist movement which, in its origins, its development, and its present practice, is a worldwide revolutionary movement whose purpose it is, by treachery, deceit, infiltration into other groups (governmental and otherwise), espionage, sabotage, terrorism, and any other means deemed necessary, to establish a Communist totalitarian dictatorship in the countries throughout the world through the medium of a worldwide Communist organization.

10. Finding of the Supreme Court

In 1949 a Federal jury found 11 leaders of the Communist Party, U. S. A., guilty of

willfully and knowingly conspiring (1) to organize as the Communist Party, a group of persons to teach and advocate the overthrow and destruction of the Government of the United States by force and violence, and (2) knowingly and willingly to advocate and teach the duty and necessity of overthrowing and destroying of the Government of the United States by force and violence. (U. S. 41, October term, 1950, p. 494.)14

The convicted Communist leaders carried their appeal to the United States Supreme Court. The Court, in an opinion delivered by the late Chief Justice Vinson, affirmed the conviction with these words:

Petitioners intended to overthrow the Government of the United States as speedily as the circumstances would permit * * * They were properly and constitutionally convicted. (Ibid., pp. 516, 517.)

11. The Subversive Activities Control Board

On November 27, 1950, the Attorney General of the United States, acting under section 13 (a) of the Subversive Activities Control Act, filed a petition with the Board for an order requiring the Communist Party, U. S. A., to register with the Attorney General as required by the act. In the hearings which followed, a stenographic record of 14,413 pages was adduced. The record included 507 exhibits. In its decision, the Board found:

(1) That there exists a world Communist movement, substantially as described in Section 2 of the Act, which was organized by the Soviet Union, and which has as its primary objectives the establishment of Communist dictatorships of the proletariat in all countries throughout the world, including the United States, and (2) That the direction, domination, and control of this movement is vested in, and is exercised by, the Soviet Union. (1953 report, SACB, p. 9.) 15

12. America, “Enemy No. 1”

On October 28, 1953, Ismail Ege, former Chief of the Fourth Section of Soviet Military Intelligence, appeared before the subcommittee. He told us that he had renounced "the dictatorship of Communist rulers in the Kremlin," because these rulers "have in their minds the fantastic and criminal idea to rule the world, to suppress freedom, and to convert the free world into a gigantic concentration camp." (GOVT, pt. 15, p. 1008.)

Then he gave us a comprehensive description of Soviet intelligence, as organized to advance the Communist world revolution against human freedom. Pertinent passages from that description are included herewith.

Mr. EGE. We were trained in Soviet policies and party line and, according to party line, always the United States of America was enemy No. 1. And their reason for it was that if Soviet Russia is a totalitarian state, the United States is a free country and these are opposite countries in the ideological field, I mean.

14 Incorporated in the record by reference March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 5. "Incorporated in the record by reference March 10, 1954, transcript, p. 3.

The United States of America is for freedom, for free enterprise, for the dignity of individual, and for principles of western democracy. Over there we have the Soviet Union, which is the most totalitarian state where the individual is not free. He is a slave of the state.

Mr. MORRIS. You said in all your training you were told the United States of America was the No. 1 enemy.

Would you give us concrete details about that? Was it taught to you in your staff colleges?

Mr. EGE. It was taught us in general staff college. It was told us during the political training in the intelligence department. It was told to us always during my life. (Ibid., p. 1064.)

Mr. MORRIS. Now, Mr. Ege, would you tell us the role that the Soviet Embassy in Washington and the Soviet Ambassador to Washington played in Soviet espionage based upon your own personal experience in the Soviet intelli. gence system?

Mr. EGE. Well, in 1942 Soviet Ambassadors, having their diplomatic position as chief of the Embassy, were a little away from intelligence activities.

That does not mean that they did not, though. Under roofs of Soviet em. bassies, consulates, trade organizations, there were secret organizations of Soviet intelligence channels working for Soviet intelligence. But they personally did not take part in it and did not direct it.

In 1942, approximately in February or January, there was top secret order. Mr. MORRIS. This is January of what year?

Mr. EGE. 1941.

Mr. MORRIS. There was a top secret order. Did you see this?

Mr. EGE. I read it myself and signed it that I had read it.

Mr. MORRIS. You signed that you had read this top secret order?

Mr. EGE. That is right.

Mr. MORRIS. What did the order say?

Mr. EGE. That order was issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the Bi-Council of Peoples Commissars and was signed by Stalin and Molotov.

In that order it was stated that from now on Ambassadors of Soviet Union had to become real bosses. (Ibid., p. 1052.)

Mr. EGE. * * * Usually the Soviet intelligence organization has two channels, one is so-called legal network, which in Soviet intelligence it is understood are networks consisting of Soviet citizens working in some Soviet foreign office or in some Soviet office working as Tass, Voks, foreign section of the state bank, Amtorg, foreign offices and so on.

Mr. MORRIS. It is not legal in our sense of the word, not that it is permitted by us, but it is more formal.

Mr. EGE. That is right. (Ibid., p. 1015a.)

Mr. EGE. *** The General Staff Intelligence Department used international bodies. Suppose there is war, for instance, between some country and the Soviet Union; of course, all Soviet Ambassadors and trading organizations and Tass are closed down, and everybody departs from the country, but international organizations are still working because they are not Soviet organizations.

The Soviets might have their affiliates here, sections, so it is a very convenient way to plant here agents and then to use for intelligence.

The CHAIRMAN. You are speaking now of May 1941, but unless they have changed their method of operation, you have no doubt in your mind that they are probably using the United Nations in the same fashion as they have used international agricultural committees, and so forth.

Mr. EGE. I am sure of it. For instance, the same Kudryavtsev [Koudriavtzev] who was Tass correspondent in Turkey, was transferred in 1941 to Moscow, and from Moscow he was sent to Canada where he got involved in the Canadian atomic-spy case. Kudryavtsev was one of the cutouts between the illegal network and the network of military attache.

After that conduct Kudryavtsev was appointed to the Soviet delegation at the United Nations. That Kudryavtsev was agent for the fourth section and he worked under me for some time. (Ibid., p. 1022.)

Here is the contact point between the documented historical background and the testimony of one of the subcommittee's own witnesses.