such terms and conditions as he may determine, for agriculture, rural development, and nutrition

(A) to alleviate starvation, hunger, and malnutrition;

(B) to expand significantly the provision of basic services to rural poor people to enhance their capacity for self-help; and

(C) to help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a more viable economic base and enhance opportunities for improved incomes, living standards, and contributions by rural poor people to the economic and social development of their countries.

(2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $760,000,000 for the fiscal year 1986 and $760,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987.13 Of these amounts, the President may use such amounts as he deems appropriate to carry out the provisions of section 316 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980.14

(3) 15 Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated in paragraph; (2) for the fiscal year 1987, not less than $2,000,000 shall be available only for the purpose of controlling and eradicating amblyomman variegatum (heartwater) in bovine animals in the Caribbean.

(b)(1) Assistance provided under this section shall be used primarily for activities which are specifically designed to increase the productivity and income of the rural poor, through such means as creation and strengthening of local institutions linked to the regional and national levels; organization of a system of financial institutions which provide both savings and credit services to the poor; stimulation of small, labor-intensive enterprises in rural towns; improvement of marketing facilities and systems; expansion of rural infrastructure and utilities such as farm-to-market roads, water management systems, land improvement, energy, and storage facilities; establishment of more equitable and more secure land tenure arrangements; and creation and strengthening of systems to provide other services and supplies needed by farmers, such as extension, research, training, fertilizer, water, forestry, soil conservation, and improved seed, in ways which assure access to them by small farmers.

(2) In circumstances where development of major infrastructure is necessary to achieve the objectives set forth in this section, assistance for that purpose should be furnished under this chapter in association with significant contributions from other countries working together in a multilateral framework. Infrastructure projects so assisted should be complemented by other measures to ensure that the benefits of the infrastructure reach the poor.

13 The authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 were added by sec. 302 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190). Authorizations for recent years included: fiscal year 1975-$500,000,000; fiscal year 1976$618,000,000; fiscal year 1977-$745,000,000; fiscal year 1978-$580,000,000; fiscal year 1979$665,231,000; fiscal year 1980-$659,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$713,500,000; fiscal year 1982$700,000,000; fiscal year 1983-$700,000,000; fiscal year 1984-$725,213,000; fiscal year 1985no authorization; fiscal years 1988 through 2005-no authorization.

14 Sec. 316 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 concerns world hunger and instructs the Director of IDCA to encourage the ongoing work of PVOS to deal with world hunger problems abroad.

15 Sec. 1304 of Public Law 99-399 (100 Stat. 898) added para. (3).

(3) 16 The Congress recognizes that the accelerating loss of forests and tree cover in developing countries undermines and offsets efforts to improve agricultural production and nutrition and otherwise to meet the basic human needs of the poor. Deforestation results in increased flooding, reduction in water supply for agricultural capacity, loss of firewood and needed wood products, and loss of valuable plants and animals. In order to maintain and increase forest resources, the President is authorized to provide assistance under this section for forestry projects which are essential to fulfill the fundamental purposes of this section. Emphasis shall be given to community woodlots, agroforestry, reforestation, protection of watershed forests, and more effective forest management.

(c) The Congress finds that the greatest potential for significantly expanding availability of food for people in rural areas and augmenting world food production at relatively low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small farmers who constitute a majority of the agricultural producers in developing countries. Increasing the emphasis on rural development and expanded food production in the poorest nations of the developing world is a matter of social justice and a principal element contributing to broadly based economic growth, as well as an important factor in alleviating inflation in the industrialized countries. In the allocation of funds under this section, special attention shall be given to increasing agricultural production in countries which have been designated as "least developed" by the United Nations General Assembly.

(d) Assistance provided under this section shall also be used in coordination with programs carried out under section 104 to help improve nutrition of the people of developing countries through encouragement of increased production of crops with greater nutritional value; improvement of planning, research, and education with respect to nutrition, particularly with reference to improvement and expanded use of indigenously produced foodstuffs; and the undertaking of pilot or demonstration programs explicitly addressing the problem of malnutrition of poor and vulnerable people. In particular, the President is encouraged

(1) to devise and carry out in partnership with developing countries a strategy for programs of nutrition and health improvement for mothers and children, including breast feeding; and

(2) to provide technical, financial, and material support to individuals or groups at the local level for such programs. (e) Local currency proceeds from sales of commodities provided under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 which are owned by foreign governments shall be used whenever practicable to carry out the provisions of this section.

(f) 16 The Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to enhance their national food security deserves encouragement as a matter of United States development assistance policy. Measures complementary to assistance for expanding food production in developing countries are needed to help assure that food becomes increasingly available on a regular basis to the poor in such coun

*Se 101 of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96–53; 93 Stat 359) added para. (3) and subsec. (f).

tries. Therefore, United States bilateral assistance under this Act and the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, and United States participation in multilateral institutions, shall emphasize policies and programs which assist developing countries to increase their national food security by improving their food policies and management and by strengthening national food reserves, with particular concern for the needs of the poor, through measures encouraging domestic production, building national food reserves, expanding available storage facilities, reducing postharvest food losses, and improving food distribution.

(g) 17 (1) In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the President may continue United States participation in and may make contributions to the International Fund for Agricultural Development.

(2) Of the aggregate amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out part I of this Act, up to $50,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and up to $50,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 may be made available, by appropriation or by transfer, for United States contributions to the second replenishment of the International Fund for Agricultural Development.

Sec. 103A.18 Agricultural Research.-Agricultural research carried out under this Act shall (1) take account of the special needs of small farmers in the determination of research priorities, (2) include research on the interrelationships among technology, institutions, and economic, social, environmental,19 and cultural factors affecting small-farm agriculture, and (3) make extensive use of field testing to adapt basic research to local conditions. Special emphasis shall be placed on disseminating research results to the farms on which they can be put to use, and especially on institutional and other arrangements needed to assure that small farmers have effective access to both new and existing improved technology. Sec. 104.20 Population and Health.-(a) FINDINGS.-The Congress recognizes that poor health conditions and uncontrolled population growth can vitiate otherwise successful development efforts. Large families in developing countries are the result of complex social and economic factors which change relatively slowly among the poor majority least affected by economic progress, as well as the result of a lack of effective birth control. Therefore, effective family planning depends upon economic and social change as well as the delivery of services and is often a matter of political and reli

17 Sec. 1001 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) amended and restated subsec. (g). Subsec. (g) was originally added by sec. 301(c) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1532). It previously read as follows: "In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the President may continue to participate in and may provide, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, up to $180,000,000 to the International Fund for Agricultural Development. There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this subsection $180,000,000, except that not more than $40,500,000 may be appropriated under this subsection for the fiscal year 1982. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.".

18 22 U.S.C. 2151a-1. Sec. 303 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849) added sec. 103A.

19 Sec. 103(d) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 945) inserted "environmental,”.

20 22 U.S.C. 2151b. Sec. 104, as added by sec. 2(3) of the FA Act of 1973 (87 Stat. 715), was amended and restated by sec. 104(a) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 945). Previous amendments to sec. 104 were made by sec. 4(1) of Public Law 93-559 (88 Stat. 1795), sec. 304 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 857), and sec. 103 of Public Law 95-88 (91 Stat. 534).

gious sensitivity. While every country has the right to determine its own policies with respect to population growth, voluntary population planning programs can make a substantial contribution to economic development, higher living standards, and improved health and nutrition.

Good health conditions are a principal element in improved quality of life and contribute to the individual's capacity to participate in the development process, while poor health and debilitating disease can limit productivity.

(b) ASSISTANCE FOR POPULATION PLANNING.-In order to increase the opportunities and motivation for family planning and to reduce the rate of population growth, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for voluntary population planning. In addition to the provision of family planning information and services, including also information and services which relate to and support natural family planning methods, 21 and the conduct of directly relevant demographic research, population planning programs shall emphasize motivation for small families.

(c) 22 ASSISTANCE FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE PREVENTION. —(1) 23 In order to contribute to improvements in the health of the greatest

Sec. 302(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3145) inserted ", including also information and services which related to and support natural family planning methods,".

Sec. 301(a)(1) of the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-25; 117 Stat. 711) struck out paras. (4) through (7) of subsec. e, originally added by sec. 111(a) and sec. 203 of the Global AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-264; 114 Stat. 751, 759). The paragraphs had read as follows:

4A) Congress recognizes the growing international dilemma of children with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the merits of intervention programs aimed at this problem. Congress further recognizes that mother-to-child transmission prevention strategies can serve as a major force for change in developing regions, and it is, therefore, a major objective of the foreign assistance program to control the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. B) The agency primarily responsible for administering this part shall

(i) coordinate with UNAIDS, UNICEF, WHO, national and local governments, and other organizations to develop and implement effective strategies to prevent vertical transmission of HIV; and

1) coordinate with those organizations to increase intervention programs and introduce voluntary counseling and testing, antiretroviral drugs, replacement feeding, and other strat

egies.

5 A) Congress expects the agency primarily responsible for administering this part to make the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) a priority in the foreign assistance program and to undertake a comprehensive, coordinated effort to combat HIV and AIDS.

B) Assistance described in subparagraph (A) shall include help providing

"(1) primary prevention and education;

nvoluntary testing and counseling;

iii) medications to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child; and
(iv) care for those living with HIV or AIDS.

6 A) In addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose, there is authorized to be appropriated to the President $300,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2001 and 2002 to carry out paragraphs (4) and (5).

B. Of the funds authorized to be appropriated under subparagraph (A), not less than 65 percent is authorized to be available through United States and foreign nongovernmental organizanons, including private and voluntary organizations, for-profit organizations, religious affiliated organizations, educational institutions, and research facilities.

C) of the funds authorized to be appropriated by subparagraph (A), not less than 20 percent is authorized to be available for programs as part of a multidonor strategy to address the support and education of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa, including AIDS orphans.

Assistance made available under this subsection, and assistance made available under chapter 4 of part II to carry out the purposes of this subsection, may be made available notwithstanding any other provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries.

D. Of the funds authorized to be appropriated under subparagraph (A), not less than 8.3 percent is authorized to be available to carry out the prevention strategies for vertical transmission referred to in paragraph (4)(A).

Continued

number of poor people in developing countries, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for health programs. Assistance under this subsection shall be used primarily for basic integrated health services, safe water and sanitation, disease prevention and control, and related health planning and research. The assistance shall emphasize self-sustaining community-based health programs by means such as training of health auxiliary and other appropriate personnel, support for the establishment and evaluation of projects that can be replicated on a broader scale, measures to improve management of health programs, and other services and suppliers to support health and disease prevention programs.

(2)23 (A) In carrying out the purposes of this subsection, the President shall promote, encourage, and undertake activities designed to deal directly with the special health needs of children and mothers. Such activities should utilize simple, available technologies which can significantly reduce childhood mortality, such as improved and expanded immunization programs, oral rehydration to combat diarrhoeal diseases, and education programs aimed at improving nutrition and sanitation and at promoting child spacing.

"(E) of the funds authorized to be appropriated by subparagraph (A), not more than 7 percent may be used for the administrative expenses of the agency primarily responsible for carrying out this part of this Act in support of activities described in paragraphs (4) and (5).

"(F) Funds appropriated under this paragraph are authorized to remain available until expended.

"(7)A) Congress recognizes the growing international problem of tuberculosis and the impact its continued existence has on those nations that had previously largely controlled the disease. Congress further recognizes that the means exist to control and treat tuberculosis, and that it is therefore a major objective of the foreign assistance program to control the disease. To this end, Congress expects the agency primarily responsible for administering this part)

"(i) to coordinate with the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, and other organizations toward the development and implementation of a comprehensive tuberculosis control program; and

"(ii) to set as a goal the detection of at least 70 percent of the cases of infectious tuberculosis, and the cure of at least 85 percent of the cases detected, in those countries in which the agency has established development programs, by December 31, 2010.

"(B) There is authorized to be appropriated to the President, $60,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2001 and 2002 to be used to carry out this paragraph. Funds appropriated under this subparagraph are authorized to remain available until expended.".

Sec. 103 of the International Malaria Control Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-570; 114 Stat. 3039; 22 U.S.C. 2151b-1) provided the following:

"SEC. 103. ASSISTANCE FOR MALARIA PREVENTION, TREATMENT, CONTROL, AND ELIMINATION. "(a) ASSISTANCE.

"(1) IN GENERAL.-The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies and nongovernmental organizations, shall provide assistance for the establishment and conduct of activities designed to prevent, treat, control, and eliminate malaria in countries with a high percentage of malaria cases.

"(2) CONSIDERATION OF INTERACTION AMONG EPIDEMICS.-In providing assistance pursuant to paragraph (1), the Administrator should consider the interaction among the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.

"(3) DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION REQUIREMENT.-Activities referred to in paragraph (1) shall include the dissemination of information relating to the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents for the prevention of malaria (including information relating to participation in, and the results of, clinical trials for such vaccines and agents conducted by United States Government agencies) to appropriate officials in such countries. "(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

"(1) IN GENERAL.-There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsection (a) $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2001 and 2002.

"(2) AVAILABILITY.-Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.".

23 The para. designation "(1)" and a new para. (2) were added by sec. 541(a) of the Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 1985, as contained in the Continuing Appropriations Act, 1985 (Public Law 98-473). This amendment had been included as sec. 303 of H.R. 5119, the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1984, as passed by the House on May 10, 1984. Sec. 541(a) enacted sec. 303 of H.R. 5119.