management support activities associated with the planning, monitoring, and supervision of emergency food and disaster assistance provided in those countries in Africa described in section 5(a) of the African Famine Relief and Recovery Act of 1985.

(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.-In addition to the amounts otherwise available for such purpose, there are authorized to be appropriated $137,500,000 for the fiscal year 1985 for use in providing assistance under this section.

(d) POLICIES AND AUTHORITIES TO BE APPLIED.-Assistance under this section shall be furnished in accordance with the policies and general authorities contained in section 491.

Chapter 10-Development Fund for Africa 623

Sec. 496.624 Long-Term Development Assistance for SubSaharan Africa.-(a) FINDINGS.-The Congress finds that

(1) drought and famine have caused countless deaths and untold suffering among the people of sub-Saharan Africa;

(2) drought and famine in combination with other factors such as desertification, government neglect of the agricultural sector, and inappropriate economic policies have severely affected long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa; and

(3) the most cost-effective and efficient way of overcoming Africa's vulnerability to drought and famine is to address Africa's long-term development needs through a process that builds upon the needs and capabilities of the African people, promotes sustained and equitable economic growth, preserves the environment, and protects the rights of the individual.

(b) AUTHORITY TO FURNISH ASSISTANCE. -The President is authorized to furnish project and program assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine in accordance with the policies

623 Sec. 562(a) of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101-513; 104 Stat. 2026), added chapter 10, secs. 496 497. Previously, chapter 10, sec. 496, relating to assistance to Portugal and Portuguese colonies in Africa gaining independence, as added by sec. 53 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974, was repealed by sec. 1211(a)(4) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 279).

Sec. 562 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101-513; 104 Stat. 2030), further stated:

"(b) EVALUATIONS.-It is the sense of the Congress that there should be periodic evaluations of the progress of the Agency for International Development in achieving the purpose specified in section 496(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

"(c) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.-As part of the annual Congressional Presentation materials for economic assistance, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall include a description of the progress made during the previous fiscal year in carrying out chapter 10 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa which represent differing economic situations and levels of progress. The description shall include"(1) the nature and extent of consultation to ensure local perspectives, as described in subsections (e)(1) and (f) of section 496;

"(2) the degree of involvement of local people in the implementation of projects having a local focus;

"(3) the extent to which there has been expansion of the participation and integration of African women in each of the critical sectors specified in section 496(1);

"(4) program assistance provided, including the amounts obligated, the criteria used for assisting reforms, and the provisions made pursuant to section 496(h)(2)(B) to protect vulnerable groups from possible negative consequences of the reforms; and

"(5) a description of the assistance for the critical sector priorities specified in section 496(1), by sector, including the amounts obligated.".

See related legislation in "Assistance to Africa," in Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2004, vol. I-B.

624 22 U.S.C. 2293.

contained in this section, for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa.

(c) PURPOSE OF ASSISTANCE.

(1) PURPOSE.-The purpose of assistance under this section shall be to help the poor majority of men and women in subSaharan Africa to participate in a process of long-term development through economic growth that is equitable, participatory, environmentally sustainable, and self-reliant.

(2) USE OF ASSISTANCE TO ENCOURAGE PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT.-Assistance under this section should, in a manner consistent with paragraph (1), be used to promote sustained economic growth, encourage private sector development, promote individual initiatives, and help to reduce the role of central governments in areas more appropriate for the private sector.

(d) APPLICATION OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE GENERAL AUTHORITIES AND POLICIES.-Except to the extent inconsistent with this section

(1) any reference in any law to chapter 1 of this part (including references to sections 103 through 106) shall be deemed to include a reference to this section; and

(2) assistance under this section shall be provided consistent with the policies contained in section 102.

(e) PRIVATE AND VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS.

(1) CONSULTATION TO ENSURE LOCAL PERSPECTIVES. - The Agency for International Development shall take into account the local-level perspectives of the rural and urban poor in subSaharan Africa, including women, during the planning process for project and program assistance under this section. In order to gain that perspective the Agency for International Development should consult closely with African, United States, and other private and voluntary organizations that have demonstrated effectiveness in or commitment to the promotion of local, grassroots activities on behalf of long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa as described in subsection (c).

(2) DEFINITION OF PRIVATE AND VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS. For purposes of this section, the term "private and voluntary organization" includes (in addition to entities traditionally considered to be private and voluntary organizations) cooperatives, credit unions, trade unions, women's groups, nonprofit development research institutions, and indigenous local organizations, which are private and nonprofit.

(f) LOCAL INVOLVEMENT IN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION. - Local people, including women, shall be closely consulted and involved in the implementation of every project under this section which as a local focus.

(g) PARTICIPATION OF AFRICAN WOMEN.-The Agency for International Development shall ensure that development activities assisted under this section incorporate a significant expansion of the participation (including decisionmaking) and integration of African women in each of the critical sectors described in subsection (i). (h) TYPES OF ASSISTANCE. —

(1) PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS CRITICAL SECTORAL PRIORITIES.-Assistance under this section shall emphasize pri

marily projects and programs to address critical sectoral prior-
ities for long-term development described in subsection (i).
(2) REFORM OF ECONOMIC POLICIES. -

(A) USE OF PROGRAM ASSISTANCE. - Assistance under this section may also include program assistance to promote reform of sectoral economic policies affecting long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa as described in subsection (c), with primary emphasis on reform of economic policies to support the critical sectoral priorities described in subsection (i).

(B) PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS. -Assisted policy reforms shall also include provisions to protect vulnerable groups (especially poor, isolated, and female farmers, the urban poor, and children including displaced children) and long-term environmental interests from possible negative consequences of the reforms.

(3) 625 DEMOCRATIZATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES.-Assistance under this section may also include program assistance

(A) to promote democratization, good governance, and strong civil societies in sub-Saharan Africa; and

(B) to strengthen conflict resolution capabilities of governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental entities in sub-Saharan Africa.

(4) 6 625 OTHER ASSISTANCE. -Funds made available to carry out this section shall be used almost exclusively for assistance in accordance with paragraphs (1), (2), and (3).626 Assistance consistent with the purpose of subsection (c) may also be furnished under this section to carry out the provisions of sections 103 through 106 of this Act.

(i) CRITICAL SECTORAL PRIORITIES.-The critical sectoral priorities for long-term development, as described in subsection (c), are the following:

(1) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND NATURAL RESOURCES. -
(A) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.-Increasing agricultural
production in ways which protect and restore the natural
resource base, especially food production, through agricul-
tural policy changes, agricultural research (including
participatory research directly involving small farmers)
and extension, development and promotion of agriculture
marketing activities, credit facilities, and appropriate pro-
duction packages, and the construction and improvement
of needed production-related infrastructure such as farm-
to-market roads, small-scale irrigation, and rural elec-
trification. Within this process, emphasis shall be given to
promoting increased equity in rural income distribution,
recognizing the role of small farmers.

(B) NATURAL RESOURCE BASE.-Maintaining and restoring the renewable natural resource base primarily in ways

625 Sec. 127(c)(1) of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (title I of Public Law 106–200; 114 Stat. 273) redesignated para. (3) as para. (4) and added a new para. (3).

626 Sec. 127(c)(1) of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (title I of Public Law 106-200; 114 Stat. 273) struck out "paragraphs (1) and (2)" and inserted in lieu thereof "paragraphs (1), (2), and (3)".

which increase agricultural production, through the following:

(i) Small-scale, affordable, resource-conserving, lowrisk local projects, using appropriate technologies (including traditional agricultural methods) suited to local environmental, resource, and climatic conditions, and featuring close consultation with and involvement of local people at all stages of project design and implementation. Emphasis shall be given to grants for African local government organizations, international or African nongovernmental organizations, and United States private and voluntary organizations.

(ii) Support for efforts at national and regional levels to provide technical and other support for projects of the kinds described in clause (i) and to strengthen the capacities of African countries to provide effective extension and other services in support of environmentally sustainable increases in food produc

tion.

(iii) Support for special training and education efforts to improve the capacity of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to manage their own environments and natural resources.

(iv) Support for low-cost desalination activities in order to increase the availability of fresh water sources in sub-Saharan Africa.

(2) HEALTH.-Improving health conditions, with special emphasis on meeting the health needs of mothers and children (including displaced children) through the establishment of primary health care systems that give priority to preventive health and that will be ultimately self-sustaining. In addition, providing training and training facilities, in sub-Saharan Africa, for doctors and other health care providers, notwithstanding any provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries. 627

(3) VOLUNTARY FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES.-Providing increased access to voluntary family planning services, including encouragement of private, community, and local government initiatives.

(4) EDUCATION.-Improving the relevance, equity, and efficiency of education, with special emphasis on improving primary education.

(5) INCOME-GENERATING OPPORTUNITIES.-Developing income-generating opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in urban and rural areas through, among other things, support for off-farm employment opportunities in micro- and small-scale labor-intensive enterprises.

(j) MINIMUM LEVELS OF ASSISTANCE FOR CERTAIN CRITICAL SECTORS.-The Agency for International Development should target the equivalent of 10 percent of the amount authorized to be appro

Sec. 111(b) of the Global AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-264; 114 Stat. 752) added this sentence.

priated for each fiscal year to carry out this chapter for each of the following:

(1) The activities described in subsection (i)(1)(B), including identifiable components of agricultural production projects.

(2) The activities described in subsection (i)(2).

(3) The activities described in subsection (i)(3).

(k) EFFECTIVE USE OF ASSISTANCE.-Assistance provided under this section shall be concentrated in countries which will make the most effective use of such assistance in order to fulfill the purpose specified in subsection (c), especially those countries (including those of the Sahel region) having the greatest need for outside assistance.

(1) PROMOTION OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION.-Assistance under this section shall, to the extent consistent with this section, include assistance to promote the regional and subregional integration of African production structures, markets, and infrastructure.

(m) DONOR COORDINATION MECHANISM.-Funds made available to carry out this section may be used to assist the governments of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to increase their capacity to participate effectively in donor coordination mechanisms at the country, regional, and sector levels.

(n) RELATION TO OTHER AUTHORITIES.

(1) ASSISTANCE UNDER OTHER AUTHORITIES.-The authority granted by this section to provide assistance for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa is not intended to preclude the use of other authorities for that purpose. Centrally funded programs which benefit sub-Saharan Africa shall continue to be funded under chapter 1 of part I of this Act.

(2) TRANSFER AUTHORITIES. –

(A) The transfer authority contained in section 109 of this Act shall not apply with respect to this section.

(B) The transfer authority contained in section 610(a) of this Act may not be used to transfer funds made available to carry out this section in order to allow them to be used in carrying out any other provision of this Act.

(3) REPROGRAMMING NOTIFICATIONS.-Section 634A of this Act does not apply with respect to funds made available to carry out this section.

(4) PROCUREMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICES.-In order to allow the assistance authorized by this section to be furnished as effectively and expeditiously as possible, section 604(a) of this Act, and similar provisions relating to the procurement of goods and services, shall not apply with respect to goods and services procured for use in carrying out this section. The exemption provided by this paragraph shall not be construed to apply to the Comprehensive Anti/Apartheid 628 Act of 1986. (0) SUPPORT FOR SADCC PROJECTS.

(1) AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE.-To the extent funds are provided for such purpose in the annual Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, funds made available to carry out this chapter may be used to assist sector projects, in the sectors specified in

628 Should read "Anti-Apartheid".