coal exceeds 30,000 square miles, double the coalfields in Pennsylvania. More than 2,000,000 tons are annually mined, exceeding $5,000,000 in value. A number of oil-wells have been opened, and only await better transportation facilities for development. The wealth of the State was estimated December, 1890, at $100,000,000, and its total bonded indebtedness, $320,000; it had no floating debt. The financial standing of the State was high. Its bonds bearing 6 per cent. annual interest, sold at above 12 per cent. premium. EDUCATION.-Compulsory education is the law of Wyoming and a high standard in public schools is to be maintained. Wyoming University at Laramie offers free the benefits of higher education. The State has derived much benefit from the Congressional Act of Aug. 9, 1888, providing for the leasing of the school lands. POPULATION OF CHIEF CITIES AND TOWNS.-The population of the eight cities and towns having each over 1,000 inhabitants in 1890 was as follows in the order of their rank, there is also given their population in 1880, and their increase during the decade. CITIES AND TOWNS. Carbon.. 2.235 1,451 784 Evanston Uinta... 1,995 1,277 718 New Castle. Names. Hartville Altitude. Feet. 4,700 1,715 Aspen. 7,809 Hazard. 6,357 Almy. 6,820 Hillsdale 5,626 Atlantic City. Barrel Springs. 6,854 Independence Rock.. 6,187 Baxter.. 6,300 Jackson's Hole. 6,000 Buford.. 7,808 Lookout. 7,184 Camp Brown.. Camp Brown.. Camp Stambaugh. Camp Walbach. 6,449 Millis 6,790 Carbon.. 6,758 Miser 6,824 6,530 Mud Volcanoes*. 7.712 8,865 4.626 12,260 Cheyenne. 7,800 6,357 3,438 Cheyenne Signal Bureau 6,058 Pacific Springs 7,144 Converse.. Church Buttes. 6,298 6,600 2,738 Percy... 6,955 Como 6,691 Piedmont. 6,500 Cooper's Lake. 2,463 Dana... 6,878 Point of Rocks 5,061 Devil's Gate. Egber.. Encampment meadows. 8,171 Evanston 6,870 1,972 Fairbank.. 4,620 Sand Creek 14,820 Fillmore 4,830 7,881 2,879 2,422 Since 1880 six counties have been formed from parts of other counties: Fremont in 1884 from Sweetwater, Sheridan in 1887 from Johnson, Converse in 1887 from Albany and Laramie, Weston in 1890 from Crook, Natrona in 1890 from Carbon, and Big Horn in 1890 from Fremont, Johnson, and Sheridan. The supervisor of census for the State of Wyoming in districting the State paid no attention to the limits of the new county of Big Horn; consequently the population of that county is included in the population of the counties from which parts have been taken to form it. In other cases, where parts of counties have been taken to form new counties, the population of the original counties is given as returned under the census of 1880. Comparison is thus made between one area for 1880 Fort Steele. 6,753 Salt Wells. 4,973 Separation. 4,519 Sherman. 6,455 Simpson 6,841 South Pass. Gardner's RiverSp* 6,100t06,500 Sulphur Springs*. *In Yellowstone National Park. BRIEF HISTORIC OUTLINE.-The largest portion of Wyoming territory was a part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. A trading post was established at Fort Laramie in 1834. A portion of the southwestern section was acquired from Mexico in 1848. Wyoming Fort Bridger. 6,759 Fort Fetterman. 6,897 Fort Laramie. 8,269 Fort Russel.. 6,904 7,857 7,088 7,250 Sundance.. 7,400 Sweetwater Bridge.. 7,000 7,327 Table Rock... 6,881 6,252 Three Crossings. 6,134 6,124 Walback Springs.. 6,297 6,560 Walcott's. 6,800 6,590 Washakie. 6,691 6,500 Wilcox. 7,033 7,882 Wyoming City.. 7,086 was organized a Territory in 1868, being taken from portions of Dakota, Utah, and Idaho. The Indian war, in which the Sioux destroyed Gen. Custer's force in the Black Hills, took place in 1876. The Yellowstone National Park, embracing 3,312 square miles, and located chiefly in the northern corner of Wyoming, was set apart by Act of Congress, in 1872. See YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK in these Revisions and Additions, also in Britannica, Vol. XXIV, pp. 736-8. 38th Delegated Convention met at Cheyenne, Sept. 2, 1889, and adopted a constitution and an address to Congress. Wyoming was admitted as a State, July 11, 1890. LIST OF GOVERNORS.-The following is a complete list of the governors of Wyoming, with the dates of their official service. For numerous other items of interest relating to the STATE OF WYOMING, see the article UNITED STATES, in these Revisions and Additions. WYTHE, GEORGE, statesman, signer of the Declaration of Independence, born in Elizabeth City county, Va., in 1726; died at Richmond, Va., in 1806. His parents died while he was young, and left him in the control of a large fortune which led him to dissapation. At thirty he began to study law and was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1757. He became an ardent patriot. As a member of the House of Burgesses he acquired great influence. In 1775-7 he sat in the Continental Congress, and was very out-spoken for independence, and a vigorous prosecution of the war. In 1779-89 he was professor of law at William and Mary College. In December, 1786, he was chosen a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United States. In the latter part of his life, he emancipated his slaves and furnished them with means of support until they learned to take care of themselves. In 1786 when the court of chancery in Virginia was reorganized, Wythe was made sole chancellor. While still exercising the duties of this office he was poisoned, it was supposed by his nephew. Jefferson said of Wythe that "no man ever left a character more venerated than he." X XANTHEINE-XENIA XANTHEINE and XANTHINE OF FLOWERS, The coloring matters of various flowers have been carefully examined by Fremy and Cloez, who believe that various tints may be referred to three distinct substances, of which one is of a blue or rose color, while the other two are yellow. These pigments have received the names of Cyanine, Xanthine, and Xantheine; the first being derived from the Greek kyanos, sky-blue; and the last two from xanthos, yellow. None of these substances have, however, been extracted in a pure condition, and hence nothing definite can be stated regarding their composition or properties. XANTHIPPE, the wife of Socrates, who had the reputation of having been an arch-termagant, doubtless not without some foundation. It ought, however, to be remembered that her naturally infirm temper must have been not a little tried by the small concern manifested by Socrates in the regulation of his domestic affairs. He himself, it is known, had completely mastered his naturally strong appetites and passions, and had acquired a temper of perfect serenity. She appears to have really loved her husband, and he at his death committed her tenderly to the care of his friends. XENIA, a city of Ohio. Population in 1890, 8,145. See Britannica, Vol. XXIV, p. 718. Y YALE UNIVERSITY-YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK YALE UNIVERSITY, see COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN UNITED STATES in these Revisions and Additions. YANKEE, YANKEE DOODLE. Yankee, the popular name for a New Englander in America, was in its origin a corruption of the word English as pronounced by the Indians (Yenghies, Yanghies, Yankees). It seems to have been first applied about 1775 by the British soldiers as a term of reproach to the New Englanders, who themselves afterwards adopted it. The air known as Yankee Doodle was originally Nankee Doodle, and is as old as the time of Cromwell, to whom, under that name, the doggerel words belonging to it seem to have had no reference. It was known in New England before the revolution; and one account of its appropriation in America, as a national air, is that after the battle of Lexington, the brigade under Lord Percy marched out of Boston playing it in derisive allusion to the then popular nickname of the New Englanders; and that afterwards the New Englanders, saying that the British troops had been made to dance to Yankee Doodle, adopted the air as they had adopted the nickname. YANKTON, a city of South Dakota. Population in 1890, 3,958. See Britannica, Vol. XXIV, p. 728 and VI, 733. YATES, EDMUND H., editor and proprietor of the "London World,” born in 1831. After completing his education, he obtained an appointment in the post office, from which he retired in 1872. He was "The Flâneur" of the "Morning Star," and subsequently dramatic critic to the "Daily News," and London correspondent of the "New York Herald." He has also held various editorships, including "Temple Bar," "Tinsley's Magazine" and "Time." He is the author of many novels, of which the most popular, perhaps, are, Broken to Harness; Running the Gauntlet; Kissing the Rod; Black Sheep; and Land at Last, and has given to the world his autobiography. YAZOO CITY, a town of Mississippi, on the Yazoo River. It has a large trade in cotton and planter's supplies, and cotton-seed oil. Population in 1890, 5,247. YEDDO, BAY OF, an inlet of the North Pacific, on the southeast coast of the island of Nipon, Japan. The city of Yeddo is situated at its northwestern extremity. The depth of water, nowhere great, decreases all along the banks, towards the town, which, at low water, cannot be approached within a mile, even by a boat. Solid batteries of granite have been erected midway between the anchorage and the shore. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. For general and elaborate article on this the greatest park of the world, see Britannica, Vol. XXIV, pp. 736738. Also see PARKS OF THE WORLD in these Revisions and Additions. The area was reported in 1891 at 33.12 square miles. The resident population as reported by the united census of 1890 was 467. The park may now (1891) be reached by stage from the west via Beaver Cañon, on the Utah Northern Railway (Union Pacific), about 100 miles from the Lower Geyser Basin. From Livingston, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, a branch road diverges 50 miles southward to Cinnabar, at the northwestern entrance to the Park, six miles from the Mammoth Hot Springs. As furnishing the most recent accredited additional information concerning the YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, the following paragraphs are quoted from the annual report made to Congress by Hon. J. W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior, under date of 1890: The conditions of government for the Yellowstone National Park are anomalous. By the act approved March 1, 1872 (U. S. Revised Statutes, sections 2474 and 2475), it is provided that Such public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be as soon as practicable to make and publish such regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoilation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities or wonders within the park, and their retention in their natural condition. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of fish and game found within the park and against their capture or destruction for the purpose of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the same to be removed therefrom, and generally is authorized to take all such measures as may be necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this section. Under this statute the Secretary appointed a superintendent of the park, and established rules and regulations for the government of the same, the latest edition of which was published under date of January 1, 1888, a copy of which is attached. Congress made appropriations for the payment of the superintendent up to and including the year 1886, but in the appropriation bill for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, approved August 4, 1886 (U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 24, p. 240), this provision was omitted. An act of Congress, approved March 3, 1883, provides that The Secretary of War, upon the request of the Secretary of the Interior, is hereby authorized and directed to make the necessary detail of troops to prevent trespassers or intruders from entering the park for the purpose of destroying the game or objects of curiosity therein, or for any other purpose prohibited by law, and to remove such persons from the park if found therein. Hunting, capturing, injuring, or killing any bird or animal within the park is prohibited. The outfits of persons found hunting or in possession of game killed in the park, will be subject to seizure and confiscation. The legislature of Wyoming, in the winter of 1884, passed An act to render operative and effectual the laws of the Territory of Wyoming within that portion of the Yellowstone National Park lying within said territory, and to protect and preserve the timber, game, fish, and natural objects and curiosities of the park, and to assist in preserving the rights of the United States therein. This act, which was approved March 6, 1884, made the portion of the park lying within Wyoming Territory a part of Uintah county; provided for voting precincts and for the election of justices of the peace and constables; extended the laws of Wyoming Territory over the portion of the park within that Territory, and provided that the rules and regulations of the Secretary of the Interior for the government of the park should have the same force in the park as the laws of Wyoming Territory. Section 7 of this act provided That it shall be unlawful for any person, whether resident or visitor, to deface, injure, or remove any part, portion, or particle of the natural curiosities or objects of interest, or anything whatever within the Yellowstone National Park, whether tree, rock, stone, shrubbery, earth, geyser formation, grass, or anything whatever, except that it may be permissible to use timber or any other thing not objects of curiosity or of interest, or adding to the scenic attractions of said park, for the necessary purposes of fuel or housebuilding, or any domestic, useful, or necessary purpose not prohibited by the laws of the United States or the rules and regulations of the Secretary of the Interior, and any person so offending shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall on conviction thereof be punished by a fine not exceeding $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months. lowstone National Park, as follows: At Mammoth Hot Springs, three acres; at Norris Geyser Basin, one acre; at Lower Geyser Basin, two acres; at the Grand Cañon, two acres; at Yellowstone Lake, one acre, and at the Thumb (so called) of the Yellowstone Lake, or on Shoshone Lake, one acre. The Department also granted permission on the 5th day of April, 1889, subject to certain conditions, to the Yellowstone Park Association to place a naptha launch on the Yellowstone Lake, the said launch to conform to certain specifications. February 14, 1889, the Secretary of the Interior granted permission to Ole Anderson, subject to certain conditions, to engage in the business within the Park of placing small articles in the waters of the hot springs, to be incrusted with the deposit left by the water, and of selling such coated arti YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. On the 22d day of March, 1889, the Yellowstone Park Association, having surrendered all rights which it had acquired under a lease which had been granted on the ninth day of March, 1833, to Carroll T. Hobart et al., and by the said lessees assigned to the Yellowstone Park Improvement Company, and which had been sold under a decree of the United States court for the Territory of Wyoming, and by virtue of which sale the Yellowstone Park Association claimed title; and also all rights under a lease granted on the 29th day of January, 1884, to George W. Marshall for a certain piece of land in the park, and which had been assigned to the Yellowstone Park Association; and the Yellowstone Park Association, by Charles Gibson, its president, and Charles Gibson individually, having delivered up the lease made by the department to Charles Gibson, March 20, 1886, for certain lands in the park, and the said lease having been declared cancelled, the department, on the 20th day of March, 1889, granted to the Yellowstone Park Association six leases of ground in the Yel cles to tourists, the privilege being personal and non-assignable. On the same date the Department granted to Mrs. Jennie Henderson Dewing, postmaster at Mammoth Hot Springs, the privi lege of keeping for sale in the post-office at this place photographic views, stationery, etc., the privilege to continue only during Mrs. Dewing's term of office. On the 3d of April, 1889, permission by the Department was granted to the medical officer attached to the military force to practice medicine in the Park, with the understanding that such practice shall not conflict with any army regulations. Considerable progress had been made under the appropriation of the last fiscal year for that purpose in rendering the roads leading into and across the Park safe and comfortable. The hotel and traveling accommodations seem so be still inadequate but are being improved, and it is hoped that by another season tourists can make the circuit of the more interesting wonders of the Park without being subjected to any peculiar hardships. YANIKALE STRAIT-YOUNG The forests of the park are necessary for preserving in this great natural zoological garden a remnant of our North American fauna, particularly of the ruminants of the Western plains and mountains, now being so rapidly exterminated. The increase of the deer, antelope and elk within the last few years, seem to be highly gratifying, and the reports show that a herd of find safe refuge there. buffalo continue to The carnivora have multiplied so rapidly, that Captain Boutelle thinks some means should be taken to repress their further increase. He remarks upon the increasing tameness of the animals of the Park in consequence of their annoyance and slaughter being prohibited. Mr. McDonald, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, reports that he has already largely stocked many of the streams and lakes within the limits of the Park, found absolutely void of fish. He has placed 5,000 eastern brook trout in the main Gardner River; 1,000 Rainbow trout in the Gibbon; 1,000 German or Von Behr trout in the Fire Holes and Nez Perces forks of the Madison; and 1,000 of the native red trout in the east fork of the GardHe has also transferrred 1,000 of the native whitefish to Twin Lakes, and 1,000 to the Yellowstone River above the fall. This work will be continued. ner. Forest fires are a great and increasing danger and damage to the Park, and Captain Boulette's recommendation for an appropriation to clean up the underbrush and fallen timber along the lines There also seems to of travel deserves attention. to be a pressing necessity for having the boundaries of the Park accurately surveyed and marked out, so that innocent parties may not unwarily trespass over the same. YENIKALE STRAIT, sometimes also called Strait of Kertch, a strait which connects the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea, forming a sea-passage between the Crimea on the west and the Caucasus on the east. It is over twenty miles in length, and at its narrowest is less than two miles, and so shallow and interrupted by shoals, that cautious sailing and steering are necessary even for small steamers. YEOMEN, a term which seems, in early English history, to have been applied to a common menial servant, but, after the 15th century came to denote a class of freeholders, forming the next grade below gentlemen. The term yeomen is sometimes considered identical with the forty shillings freeholder, possessed of the elective franchise. YEOMAN OF THE GUARD, a veteran company, consisting of a hundred old soldiers of stately presence, employed on grand occasions, in conjunction with the gentlemen-at-arms, as the body-guard of the British sovereign. These yeomen were constituted a corps in 1485, by King Henry VII, and they still wear the costume of that period. YODER, SAMUEL S., member of Congress, born in Ohio, in 1841. He received a common school and academic education; enlisted in the Union Army as a private; rose to the rank of lieutenant and served till the end of the war; studied medicine, and practiced his profession for eighteen years; was elected mayor of Bluffton, Ohio; was elected judge of the Probate Court of Allen county, Ohio, and served from 1882 till 1886, when he resigned; was a member of Congress from 1887 to 1891. YOGIN, a follower of the Yoga system of Hindu philosophy, but in popular acceptation a term generally denoting a Hindu ascetic or devotee, a man who has entered the fourth stage of religious life as described in the Sastras. A large class of such persons forms a division of the votaries of Siva. Population in YONKERS, a city of New York. See Britannica, Vol. XXIV, p. 745, YORK, a city of Pennsylvania. Population in 1890, 20,793. See Britannica, Vol. XXIV, p. 752. YORK, a river of Virginia, formed by the union YOUMANS, EDWARD LIVINGSTON, editor of scien- YOUNG, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, astronomer, born YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS. The first of these associations was organized by George Williams in London in 1844. The first in America was organized in Montreal in 1851. The international convention held at Portland in 1869 decided to admit to active membership only young men who are members of evangelical churches, others of good moral character being admitted as associate members. In 1890 the number of associations in the world was 4,107; in the United States, 1,259; Canada, 82. There are in North America 212,676 members; they occupy 205 buildings of their own, valued at $8,362,910; other property, including 511 libraries containing 422,912 volumes, brings the net value up to $10,400,000; the annual National, State and local expenditure, including H |