Fevre is said to be the basis of all the subsequent French Bibles, whether executed by Roman Catholics or Protestants. The first Protestant French Bible was published by Robert Peter Olivetan, with the assistance of his relative, the illustrious reformer, John Calvin, who corrected the Antwerp edition, wherever it differed from the Hebrew. It was printed at Neufchatel, in 1535, in folio; and at Geneva in 1540, in large quarto, with additional corrections by Calvin. Both these editions are of extreme rarity. Another edition appeared at the same place in 1588, revised by the College of pastors and professors of the Reformed Church at Geneva, (Beza, Genlart, Jaquemot, Bertram, and others,) who so greatly improved Olivetan's Bible, both in correctness and diction, that it thenceforth obtained the name of the Geneva Bible, by which it is now generally known. It has gone through very numerous editions, the latest of which is that of Geneva, 1805, in folio, and also in three volumes 8vo. revised by the College of Pastors, at Geneva. This is, confessedly, the most elegant French version extant; but many Protestants have wished that it were a little more literal, and continue to prefer David Martin's Revision of the Genevan Version of the French Bible, (of which the New Testament was printed in 1696, at Utrecht in 4to. and the entire Bible at Amsterdam in 1707 in two folio volumes) or the revision of Jean-Frederic Ostervald; the best edition of which is said to be that printed at Neufchatel, 1772, in folio, with his arguments and reflections on the different books and chapters of the Bible. Ostervald's revised text (frequently but erroneously termed a version) has been several times printed. Another French Protestant version (made from the Italian translation of Diodati) was published in 1562, which for a short time was held in estimation by the Calvinists. The French translation of Sebastian Castalio, who was but indifferently skilled in that language, appeared at Basil in 1655; being accommodated to his Latin version above noticed, it was liable to the same objections, and was never held in any esteem. The translation of the entire Bible by Charles Le Cène, who quitted France on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, was published in a folio volume in 1741, thirty-eight years after his death, by his son, a bookseller at Amsterdam. The states of Groningen prohibited the circulation of this version in their province, on account of its Socinian tendency. A French translation of the New Testament, by the celebrated critic Le Clerc, appeared at Amsterdam in two volumes 4to.: it is said to be tainted with Socinian principles, and has never been much read. But the French Protestant version of the New Testament executed by MM. Beausobre and L'Enfant (Amsterdam 1718, in two volumes 4to.) is highly and deservedly esteemed for its closeness. An English translation of the Gospel of Matthew, made from this version, was published at Cambridge in 1779, in 8vo. to which was prefixed a translation of the excellent introduction which accompanied the French edition. This volume has been several times printed.

A reformation of the Geneva Bible was undertaken by Renat Benoist (Renatus Benedictus), professor of divinity in the college of Na

varre. It was published with notes, in 1566: but being condemned by a brief of Pope Gregory XIII. in 1575, a new edition was undertaken by the divines of Louvain, who freed it from the corrections of the reformed, and made it altogether conformable to the Latin. This edition was printed at Antwerp in 1575, and at various places since. In 1820, a version of St. John's Gospel, in the dialect spoken at Thoulouse, and in its vicinity, was printed at Thoulouse. There are several other French translations, by private individuals, as, 1. The entire Bible, translated from the Latin Vulgate by Jacques Corbin, an advocate of the parliament of Paris, and published in 1643 with the approbation of the faculty of theology of Poitiers; at present it is but little esteemed in France; -2. The New Testament, from the Vulgate, by Michael de Maroles, published in 1649 it is executed principally from Erasmus's Latin version, but in some passages from the Vulgate, and has often been reprinted; -3. Father Amelotte's Translation of the New Testament from the Vulgate was published in 1666, 1667, and 1668, in 4 volumes 8vo. with notes. It has been very justly and severely criticised for its blunders by Father Simon. His principal design in publishing this version was, to supersede the French Protestant Translation, and especially that of the learned Port-Royalists, (which was then in the press), whose bitter enemy Amelotte was; 4. The version of the New Testament by the Port Royalists, which was depreciated before its publication by the adversaries of the Jansenists, appeared in 1667 in two volumes 8vo. It was printed at Amsterdam by the Elzevirs, for Gaspard Migeot, a bookseller of Mons, (whence it is sometimes called the Testament of Mons) with the approbation of the Archbi shop of Cambray, and the bishop of Namur, and with the privilege of the King of Spain; but was condemned by the popes Clement IX. and Innocent XI. This version (which is from the Vulgate) was begun by Antoine le Maitre, after whose death it was finished by his brother Isaac Louis le Maitre de Sacy, with the assistance of the celebrated Port-Royalists, Arnaud, Nicole, Claude Saint Marthe, and Pierre-Thomas du Fossé. This version was greatly esteemed, especially by the Jansenists;-5. The version of the New Testament, by Antoine Godeau, bishop of Grasse, appeared at Paris in 1668, in two volumes 8vo. : it is made from the Vulgate, and holds a middle way between a literal version and a paraphrase; 6. The New Testament, by Father Quesnel, is made more conformable to the Vulgate than the translation published at Mons, (No. 4.) which he took for his basis: it is accompanied with moral reflections, which are justly admired for their piety, and were commended by pope Clement XI. who afterwards, in 1713, condemned it by the celebrated Bull beginning with the words 'Unigenitus Dei Filius,' together with one hundred and one propositions extracted from it, and every thing that either had been written or should be written in defence of it! Quesnel's version and reflections were first printed at Brussels in 1693

Le Sént Ebangely dé Nostré Seignour Jesus Christ seloun Sént Jan, traduit én Léngo Toulouzenzo. a Toulouso, 1820, 12mo.

and 1694 in four volumes 8vo.; and again at Paris, in 1699. This edition is said to be more ample than the preceding, and has often been reprinted both in 8vo. and 12mo. Quesnel's Reflections were translated into English and published in four volumes Svo. at London in 1719-1725.; -7, 8. Between 1697 and 1703, the Jesuits, Bouhours, Michael Tellier, and Pierre Bernier published another translation of the New Testament; but this, as well as the version of Charles Hure, also from the Vulgate, (Paris, 1702, in four volumes, 12mo.) are now nearly forgotten.-9. The French version of the ingenious critic, Father Simon, published with notes in 1702, was translated into English by Mr. Webster, in two volumes 4to., 1730. This translation was condemned by an ordinance of the Cardinal de Noailles, archbishop of Paris, and also by two Instructions,' issued by the celebrated Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux. Various portions of the Bible have been translated into French by other writers, who are not of sufficient note to require a distinct mention.

IV. BELGIAN VERSIONS. A Flemish translation of the Scriptures was made from the Vulgate in the sixteenth century, and printed at Cologne in 1475, at Delft in 1477, and at other places. For a long time the Protestants in the Low Countries had only the Dutch translation, made from Luther's German version in 1560, which has already been noticed in page 230. But in 1618, in consequence of an order issued by the Synod of Dort, a new translation was undertaken from the Hebrew and Greek. The translators of the Old Testament were John Bogermann, William Baudart, and Gerson Bucer; the New Testament and apocryphal books were assigned to James Roland, Antony Walæus, and Festus Hommius. Their portions, when finished, were submitted to the careful revision of others. This Dutch version was first printed in 1637, and is highly valued for its fidelity; the Remonstrants, however, being dissatisfied with the New Testament, translated it anew from the Greek; and their version was printed at Amsterdam in 1680.

V. ITALIAN VERSIONS. - Four versions of the Bible are extant in the Italian language. The earliest is that of Nicolao Malermi, who translated it from the Latin Vulgate : it was first published at Venice, in 1471, in folio. The second is that of Antonio Bruccioli, also printed at Venice in 1532: he professes to have made his version from the Hebrew and Greek, but Walchius says, that he chiefly followed the Latin Translation of Sanctes Pagninus. A revised edition of Bruccioli's Italian Bible, rendered conformable to the Vulgate by Sanctes Marmochinus, was printed at Venice in 1538. An Italian version has moreover been said to have been published under the auspices of Pope Sixtus V.; but its existence is very doubtful. A Protestant Italian version of the New Testament was published at Geneva in 1561, and of the entire Bible in 1562, which is usually considered as a revision of Bruccioli's: but Walchius asserts that it

1 Schoell, Histoire Abrégé de la Littérature Grecque, tome ii. pp. 159-166. Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary, Art. Quesnel, vol. xxv. pp. 426429.

is altogether a new translation. It has, however, long been superseded by the elegant and faithful version of Giovanni Diodati, published in 1607. The latest Italian version is that executed, in conformity with the Vulgate by Antonio Martini, archbishop of Florence, towards the close of the eighteenth century: it received the sanction of the late pope Pius VI. The New Testament was published at Turin 1769, and the Old Testament in 1779. Both were accompanied with explanatory notes, professedly taken from the fathers. Martini's translation has been repeatedly printed: the edition of Livorno (Leghorn) 1818, and that of Italia, 1817, with the stereotype New Testament executed by T. Rutt, Shacklewell, (near London) 1813, were put into the Index or Catalogue of Books, prohibited to be sold, by a decree dated January 13th, 1820.1

VI. SPANISH VERSIONS.-The earliest edition of the Scriptures in the Spanish language, was executed from the Vulgate, and printed at Valencia in 1478; it is now of very rare occurrence. In 1553, a Spanish version of the Old Testament was made for the Jews by Edward Pinel; it was printed at Ferrara. In 1630, a revised edition of it was published at Amsterdam, by Manasseh Ben Israel. A much earlier translation than this is said to have been made by some learned Jews, which has been too hastily attributed to rabbi David Kimchi. An edition of the Old Testament in Hebrew, and in Jewish Spanish, was printed at Vienna, in the years 1813, 14, 15, and 16, in four volumes, quarto, for the use of the Jews of Constantinople, and of most of the cities of Turkey, who are Spanish Jews. The Hebrew text is printed with vowel points, on one half of the page, and the Jewish-Spanish, with rabbinical characters on the other. Among the Christians, Cassiodore de Reyna translated the Scriptures into Spanish, from the original languages, but availed himself of the assistance afforded by the Latin versions of Pagninus and Leo Juda : it was published at Basil, in 1569. A revised edition of it by Cyprian de Valera, a Protestant, who consulted later versions and notes, especially the Geneva French Bible, was published at Amsterdam, in 1702. A new Spanish version of the entire Bible from the Latin Vulgate, was published at Madrid in 1793-4, by Don Philipe Scio de San Miguel, (subsequently appointed Bishop of Segovia,) in ten folio volumes; it is adorned with three hundred engravings copied from those of Marillier and Monsiau, which were executed for the edition of Sacy's French version of the Bible, printed at Paris in 1789 and the following years. This edition is very rare and dear even in Spain. Padre Scio's Spanish version was reprinted at Madrid between the years 1794 and 1797, in nineteen large 8vo. volumes with plates. There are copies of this edition both with and without the Latin text. The third edition of this version was published at Madrid in 1808, in Latin and Spanish, in sixteen volumes, which

1 Townley's Illustrations of Biblical Literature, vol. iii. p. 483.

2 Thomson's and Orme's Historical Sketch of the Translation of the Scriptures, p. 40. note.

3 Sixteenth Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, Appendix, p. 24.

have the appearance of small quartos: they are very neatly executed. The Vulgate text and Spanish translation are printed in parallel columns. To each book is prefixed a critical preface, and at the foot of the page is a copious commentary, drawn principally from the writings of the fathers.1

VII. RUSSIAN VERSION.. The Sclavonic or Old Russian version has been already noticed in pages 200 and 214; but as this, though the established version of the Greek church, is no longer intelligible to the common people, a translation of the Bible into the modern Russ was made by M. Glück, a Livonian clergyman, and printed at Amsterdam in 1699.2 As the Russian language had undergone considerable_changes since that time, the Emperor Alexander, by an edict in February 1816, directed the Holy Synod of Moscow to prepare a new translation. In March 1819, the four Gospels were published in that language.3 In December 1822 the entire New Testament was completed, as also the book of Psalms. The Pentateuch, books of Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes are translated, and the Committee of Revision are examining them; and M. Philaret, Archbishop of Moscow, is occupied in translating the prophecy of Isaiah.4

VIII. CROAT BIBLE. -The New Testament in the language of Croatia, was first published at Tubingen in 1551. It was translated by the pastor Truber, and was reprinted with some corrections by the translator, at the same place, in two octavo volumes, in 1581-2. These editions are of extreme rarity. The first edition of the entire Croat Bible appeared at Wittemberg, in 1584. The New Testament is the version of Truber. The Pentateuch, Proverbs, and Book of Ecclesiasticus were translated by the editor, George Dalmatinus, who also wrote the preface.5

IX. The New Testament, in the BASQUE dialect, was first printed at Rochelle, in 1571, with a dedication in French to Joan d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, by John de Licarrague de Briscous. It is furnished with parallel passages in the margin, and at the end are summaries of contents, indexes, &c.

X. HUNGARIAN BIBLE.-The Hungarian Protestant version was executed by Caspar Caroli, who availed himself of the previous labours of Vatablus, Pagninus, Munster, Tremellius, and of the Vulgate. It was first published in 1589, at Wysolyn; and subsequently

1 A modern Polyglott Bible, designed as a companion to that in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Syriac, and English languages (noticed in p. 119. supra), is preparing for publication by Mr. Bagster. It comprises Luther's German version, carefully printed; the French version, from a reprint of Ostervald's edition, printed at Basle, in 1819-20; Diodati's Italian version; and the Spanish version, from the edition of Padre Scio, above noticed.

2 Bishop Marsh's History of Translations, p. 6.

3 Sixteenth Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, for 1820, Appendix, pp. 29, 30. The modern Russian version was received with the liveliest gratitude, both by clergy and laity, of which some pleasing testimonies are given in

p. 31.