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he has generally followed when he departs from the common text, are the Cantabrigiensis in the Gospels and Acts, and the Claromontanus in the Epistles of Saint Paul." These Dr. Harwood considered as approaching the nearest of any manuscripts now known in the world to the original text of the sacred records, "It is not improbable that this edition contains more of the antient and genuine text of the Greek Testament than those which are in common use: but as no single manuscript, however antient and venerable, is entitled to such a preference as to exclude the rest, and no critic of the present age can adopt a new reading, unless the general evidence be produced and the preponderancy in its favour distinctly shown, the learned and ingenious editor has in some measure defeated his own object, and rendered his labours less applicable to the purposes of sacred criticism." (Bishop Marsh's Michaelis, vol. ii. part ii. pp. 884, 885.) At the end of the second volume there is a catalogue of the principal editions of the Greek Testament, and a list of the most esteemed commentators and critics. The work is very neatly printed; and under the Greek text are short critical notes in English, chiefly relating to classical illustrations of Scripture. In the list of commentators and critics, those are most commended by Dr. Harwood who favour the Socinian scheme, to which he was strongly attached, and he therefore admitted or rejected a variety of readings according as they favour or oppose the Socinian doctrine.

18. Novum Testamentum, Græce et Latine, Textum denuo recensuit, varias Lectiones numquam antea Vulgatas collegit - Scholia Græca addidit animadversiones criticas adjecit, et edidit Christ. Frid. Matthæi. Riga, 1782-1788, 12 vols. 8vo.

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Of Matthæi's recension of manuscripts some account has already been given in pp. 57, 58. of this volume. The edition under consideration was published at different times: Bishop Middleton considers it as by far the best edition of the Greek Testament now extant; and though Michaelis has criticised it with considerable severity, he nevertheless pronounces it to be absolutely necessary for every man who is engaged in the criticism of the Greek Testament. As, however, Matthæi undertook a revision of the Greek text on the authority of one set of manuscripts of the Byzantine family, Bishop Marsh regrets that he made so partial an application of his critical materials. "And since no impartial judge can admit that the genuine text of the Greek Testament may be established, as well by applying only a part of our materials, as by a judicious employment of the whole, the edition of Matthæi is only so far of importance, as it furnishes new materials for future uses; materials, indeed, which are accompanied with much use ful information and many learned remarks." (Bishop Marsh's Lectures, part ii. p. 31.) Mr. Dibdin mentions a second edition of Matthæi's Greek Testament which we have never seen.

19. Novum Testamentum Græcum, ad Codicem Vindobonensem Græcè expressum: Varietatem Lectionis addidit Franciscus Carolus Alter. 1786, 1787, 2 vols. 8vo.

This edition differs entirely from those of Mill, Wetstein, and Griesbach. "The text of this edition is neither the common text nor a revision of it, but a mere copy from a single manuscript, and that not a very antient one, (the Codex Lambecii I.), in the imperial library at Vienna. The various readings, which are not arranged as in other editions, but printed in separate parcels as made by the collator, are likewise described from Greek manuscripts in the imperial library: and the whole collection was augmented by extracts from the Coptic, Sclavonian, and Latin versions, which are also printed in the same indigested manner as the Greek readings. Alter's edition therefore contains mere materials for future uses." (Bp. Marsh's Lectures, part ii, p. 32.) Where the editor has discovered manifest errata in the Vienna manuscript, he has recourse to the text of Stephens's edition of 1546. See a more copious account of this edition in Michaelis, vol. ii. pp. 880 -882. where it is said that Alter's edition is a work with which no one engaged in sacred criticism can dispense.

20. Quatuor Evangelia, Græcè, cum Variantibus a textu Lectionibus Codd. manuscriptorum Bibliothecæ Vaticanæ, Barberinæ, Laurentianæ, Vindobonensis, Escurialensis, Havniensis, Regiæ; qui bus accedunt Lectiones Versionum Syrarum Veteris. Philoxenianæ, et Hierosolymitanæ, jussu et sumptibus regiis edidit Andreas Birch. Havniæ, 1788, folio et 4to.

This splendid and valuable work, containing only the four Gospels, is the result

of the united labours of Professors Birch, Adler, and Moldenhawer, who for several years travelled into Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, at the expense of the king of Denmark, in order to examine and collate the precious remains of sacred antiquity. Birch collated all the Greek manuscripts quoted, except those in the library of the Escurial, which were collated by Moldenhawer. The Syriac collations were made by Adler. A detailed account of these manuscripts is given in the Prolegomena; from which we learn that the manuscripts which passed under his inspection were very numerous. In the Vatican, forty were collated; in the Barberini library ten; in other Roman libraries, seventeen; in the libraries at Florence, and in other parts of Italy, thirty-eight; in the imperial library at Vienna, twelve; and in the royal library at Copenhagen, three. The text, is from Robert Stephens's edition of 1550; but the great value of this splendid work and in which it surpasses all former editions, consists, first, in the very complete extracts which are given from the celebrated Codex Vaticanus above described, (see pp. 74–77. supra); and secondly, in the extracts from the Versio Syra Hierosolymitana, which is remarkable for its agreement with the Codex Beze, where it is wholly unsupported by any other authority; a circumstance which shows the value and antiquity, not so much of the manuscripts themselves, as of the text which they contain.

In 1798, Professor Birch published at Copenhagen in 8vo. a collection of various readings to the Acts and Epistles, drawn from the same sources; entitled Varia Lectiones ad textum Actorum Apostolorum, Epistolarum Catholicarum et Pauli, e Codd. Græcis MSS. Bibliothecæ, Vaticanæ, Barberinæ, Augustiniarorum Eremitarum Roma, Borgiana Velitris, Neapolitana Regia, Laurentiniana, S. Marci Venetorum, Vindobonensis Cæsarea, et Hafniensis Regiæ collectæ et editæ ab Andrea Birch, Theol. D. et Prof.; in 1800, he published a similar collection of various readings to the Apocalypse; and in 1801, various readings to the four Gospels. The completion of the magnificent edition of the Greek Testament, begun in 1788, was prevented by a calamitous fire at Copenhagen, which consumed the royal printing office, together with the beautiful types and paper, which had been procured from Italy, for that purpose.

21. Novum Testamentum Græcè, Textum ad fidem Codicum Versionum et Patrum recensuit et Lectionis Varietatem adjecit D. Jo. Jac. Griesbach. Londini, et Halæ Saxonum, 1796, 1806. 2 vols. large Svo. Editio secunda.

Of all modern critical editions of the Greek Testament, this of Griesbach is universally allowed to be the most valuable and complete, notwithstanding the different opinions entertained by some learned men relative to the correctness of his system of recensions or editions of manuscripts, which has been already considered in pp. 52-54. supra, of this volume.

Dr. Griesbach commenced his critical labours, first, by publishing at Halle, in 1774, the historical books of the New Testament, under the following title: Libri Historici Novi Testamenti, Græce, pars i. sistens Synopsin Evangeliorum Matthai, Marci, et Luca. Textum ad fidem Codd. Versionum et Patrum emendavit et lectionis varietatem adjecit. Jo. Jac. Griesbach. (2d edit. Hala, 1797, 3d edit. Hale, 1809.) 8vo. pars ii sistens Evangelium Johannis et Acta Apostolorum, Hale, 1775, 8vo. This edition was published as a manual or text book for a course of lectures which Professor Griesbach was at that time delivering at Jena, and in which he explained the first three evangelists synoptically, that is to say, by uniting together the three narrations of the same event. The received text, which is adopted, is divided into one hundred and thirty-four sections, and is printed in three columns; and Griesbach indicated by various marks the alterations which he judged necessary to be made. The various readings, taken from the edition of Mill, Bengel, and Wetstein, were not chosen until they had undergone a very severe revision; but this edition also contained other lections, which the learned editor found in manuscripts preserved in the British Museum at London, and also in the Royal Library at Paris.

In 1775, Dr. Griesbach published the Apostolical Epistles and the Apocalypse, in a similar manner; but as many persons had expressed themselves dissatisfied with his synoptical arrangement of the historical books, he printed another edition of them in 1777, in the usual order. This volume forms the first part of his first edition, of which the Epistles and Revelation, printed in 1775, are considered as the second part. A few copies were struck off in 4to, which are both scarce and dear. This edition is of a very convenient and portable size, and was that principally used in the Universities of Germany. Dr. Hales prefers it to the second

edition, because he thinks that Griesbach was at that time more scrupulous of innovating upon the text than he afterwards was.

The first volume of the second edition appeared in 1796, in large octavo, with the imprint of Londini et Hale Saxonum in the title page; and the second with that of Hala Saxonum et Londini, on account of the expense of the paper of the fine copies having been munificently defrayed by his Grace the late Duke of Grafton, at that time Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. These are most beautiful books, and are now only procurable at a very high price, though, through his Grace's liberality, they were originally sold, we believe, at twelve or fourteen shillings per volume. Fifty copies are said to have been struck off on large paper in quarto. But the whole of these two volumes was printed at Jena, under Griesbach's own eye.

In addition to the various readings exhibited in Griesbach's first edition, he has collated all the Latin versions published by Sabatier and Blanchini; and has corrected the mistakes made by Mill, Bengel, and Wetstein, in their quotations from the oriental versions. He has also inserted the principal readings collected by Matthæi, Birch, and Alter, together with extracts from the two Wolfenbüttel manuscripts collated by Knittel; and has given the readings of the Sahidic version, furnished by Woide, Georgi, and Münter. Of the Armenian version a collation was made for him by M. Bredenkampf of Bremen ; and the Sclavonic version was collated for him by M. Dobrowsky at Prague.

The first volume contains the four Gospels. To these are prefixed copious prolegomena, exhibiting a critical history of the printed text, a catalogue of all the manuscripts from which various readings are quoted, and an account of the method pursued by Griesbach in executing this second edition, together with the principal rules for judging of various readings. The text is printed in two columns, the numbers of the verses being placed in the margin, below which are the

various lections.

The second volume contains the remaining books of the New Testament, which is preceded by an introduction or preface, accounting for the delay of its appearance, and an account of the manuscripts consulted for that volume. At the end are forty pages, separately numbered, consisting of a Diatribe on the disputed clause relative to the three witnesses in 1 John v. 7, 8. and of additional various readings to the Acts of the Apostles, and Saint Paul's Epistles, with two pages of corrections. Griesbach's second edition was reprinted at London in 1809, in two elegant 8vo. volumes; one by Mr. Collingwood of Oxford, and the other by Mr. R. Taylor; the text is printed in long lines, and the notes in columns, and Griesbach's addenda of various readings are inserted in their proper places. A very few inaccuracies have been discovered in these insertions, which perhaps could hardly be avoided in a work of such minuteness. This edition, which consisted of one thousand copies, having been exhausted, a second London edition issued from the press of Messrs. R. & A. Taylor, in two volumes, 8vo. 1818. It is executed in the same handsome form as before, and possesses some advantages even over Griesbach's own second edition. In the first place, the addenda of various loctions above noticed have been newly collated, and inserted in their various places with great accuracy. Secondly, the reading of Acts xx. 28. in the Vatican manuscript (which Griesbach could not give in consequence of Professor Birch, who collated it, having lost or mislaid his memorandum of that particular text) is here printed from a transcript obtained by Mr. R. Taylor from the keeper of the Vatican library. The reading of the clause in question, in the Codex Vaticanus, is thus determined to be conformable to the lection of the Textus Receptus, viz. Tny Ekkλnolav tov Ocov, the church of God. And lastly, as Griesbach in his Leipsic edition of 1805 preferred some readings different from those adopted in that of Halle, 1796-1806, a Synoptical Table is given indicating such differences. Bishop Marsh has given a high character of the labours of Dr. Griesbach, in his Divinity Lectures, part ii. pp. 44, 45. See some strictures on them in Dr. Hales's Treatise on Faith in the Holy Trinity, vol. ii. pp. 61–64.

To complete Griesbach's edition of the New Testament there should be added the following publications:

1. Curæ in Historiam Textus Græci Epistolarum Paulinarum. Jenæ, 1777, 4to. 2. Symbole Criticæ, ad supplendas et corrigendas variarum N. T. Lectionum Collectiones. Accedit multorum N. T. Codicum Græcorum Descriptio et ExaHale, 1785, 1793, 2 vols. small 8vo.

men.

3. Commentarius Criticus in Textum Græcum Novi Testamenti. Particula prima, Jenæ, 1798. Particula secunda, Jenæ, 1811.

22. Novum Testamentum, Græcè. Ex Recensione Jo. Jac. Griesbachii, cum selecta Lectionis Varietate. Lipsia, 1803-1807, 4 vols. imperial 4to. or folio.

This is a most sumptuous edition; the text is formed chiefly on that of Griesbach's second edition, and on that of Knappe noticed below. The type is large and clear; the paper beautiful and glossy; at the foot of the page are some select various readings; and each volume is decorated with an exquisitely engraved frontispiece. 23. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Ex Recensione Jo. Jac. Griesbachii, cum selecta Lectionum Varietate. Lipsiæ, 1805, 2 vols. 8vo. This edition contains the text, together with a selection of the principal various readings, and an extract from the Prolegomena of the second edition. It is very neatly printed, and forms a valuable manual for constant reference. This is the edition now chiefly used in the universities of Germany. Griesbach's text has been reprinted at Cambridge in New England (North America), at the press of Messrs. Wells and Hilliard, in two handsome volumes, 1809, 8vo. The typography of the large paper copies is very beautiful. Griesbach's text has also been reprinted at the Glasgow University Press in 1817, 18mo. It is a most beautiful little book. 24. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Recognovit atque insigniores lectionum varietates et argumentorum notationes subjecit Geo. Christian. Knappius. Halæ, 1797, 8vo. 2d edit. Hala, 1813, 2 vols. 8vo. In this edition of the New Testament, which received the warm approbation of Griesbach in his preface to the splendid edition above noticed, Dr. Knappe has availed himself of Griesbach's labours; and has admitted into the text not only those readings which the latter considered to be of undoubted authority, but likewise some others which Dr. K. himself regarded as such, but without distinguishing either of them. Such words also, as it might on the same grounds he thought right to exclude from the text, as not originally belonging to it, are here enclosed in brackets, partly of the common kind, and partly formed on purpose for this edition. The most probable readings are marked with an asterisk: to all of them the word alii is prefixed, in order to distinguish them from the rest of these lections, which in reality are those in which the exegetical student is chiefly interested. Great attention is paid to typographical and grammatical accuracy, to the accents, and to the punctuation, which differ in this edition, from those of Leusden or Gerard von Maestricht in more than three hundred places. Very useful summaries are likewise added under the text. This valuable edition is not common in England. The second impression, published in two vols. in 1813, is very neatly printed, and is corrected throughout. In editing it Dr. K. has availed himself of Griesbach's second volume, which was not published when his first edition appeared.

25. Novum Testamentum Græcè, ex recensione Griesbachii, nova Latina versione illustratum, indice brevi præcipuæ lectionum et interpretationum diversitatis instructum, edidit Henricus Augustus Schott. Lipsiæ, 1805, 8vo.

This is a useful edition of the Greek Testament, and, we understand, is in much request in Germany. A second and much enlarged edition was published at Leipsic in 1811, 8vo. The text is that of Griesbach; under it are printed the most important various readings; the critical remarks are brief and clear; and the young student will find in the Latin version no small help to the interpretation of the New Testament.

26. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Lectiones variantes, Griesbachii judicio, iis quas textus receptus exhibet anteponendas vel æquiparandas, adjecit Josephus White, S. T. P. Linguarum Heb. et Arab. in Academia Oxoniensi Professor. Oxonii, e Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1808, 2 vols. crown 8vo.

This is a very neat and accurate edition. The Textus Receptus is adopted; and Professor White has contrived to exhibit in a very intelligible form-1. Those texts which in Griesbach's opinion ought, either certainly or probably, to be removed from the received text; 2. Those various readings which the same editor judged either preferable or equal to those of the received text; and, 3. Those additions, which, on the authority of manuscripts, Griesbach considers as fit to be admitted into the text. "An intermediate advantage to be derived from an edition thus marked is pointed out by the learned editor at the conclusion of his short

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preface; viz. that it may thus be seen at once by every one, how very little, after all the labours of learned men, and the collation of so many manuscripts and versions, is liable to just objection in the received text." (British Critic, vol. xxxiv. (O. S.) p. 386.)

In 1811, Professor White published an elegant little work, which may be advantageously substituted for Dr. Griesbach's edition of the Greek Testament, entitled Criscos Griesbachianae in Novum Testamentum Synopsis. "This small volume is exactly conformable in its design to the beautiful edition of the New Testament, published by Dr. White in 1808; and contains all the variations of any consequence, which can be considered as established, or even rendered probable, by the investigation of Griesbach. The chief part of these readings was given in the margin of that edition, distinguished by the Origenian marks. Here the value of each reading or proposed alteration is stated in words at length, and therefore cannot be misapprehended. This book may therefore be considered as a kind of supplement to that edition, or illustration of it." (British Critio, (O. S.) vol. xxxviii. p. 395.)

27. Novum Testamentum Græcum et Latinum, secundùm curam Leusdenii et Griesbachii, editum ab A. H. Aitton. Lugduni Batavorum, 1809. 18mo.

A neat impression, into the text of which the editor has introduced most of Griesbach's emendations.

28. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Lectiones Variantes Griesbachii præcipuas, necnon quamplurimas voces ellipticas, adjecit Adamus Dickinson. Edinburgi, typis academicis. 12mo. 1811; edit. secunda, 1817.

This edition is avowedly designed for young students of the Greek Testament. The principal elliptical words are printed at the foot of the page; they are selected from Bos, Schoettgenius, and Leisner. The chief various readings of Griesbach are prefixed in four pages. The text is that of Dr. Mill, and is very neatly stereotyped.

29. Testamentum Novum Græcè, ad fidem Recensionis Schoettgenianæ ; addita ex Griesbachii apparatu Lectionis varietate præcipuæ. Upsala; 8vo. 1820.

Schoettgenius published his very useful editions of the Greek Testament at Leipsic in 1744 and 1749, 8vo. entitled H Kan Siadnen. Novum Testamentum Gracum. In sectiones divisit, interpunctiones accurate posuit, et dispositionem logicam adjecit Christianus Schoettgenius. His divisions into sections and his punctuation are very judiciously executed; the common divisions of chapters and verses are retained in the margin. He has followed the Textus Receptus. Schoettgen's edition is the basis of the Upsal one above noticed.

30. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Ad fidem optimorum librorum recensuit A. H. Titmannus, Prof. Lips. 18mo. Lipsiæ, 1820.

Of all the critical editions of the New Testament that have fallen under the author's observation, this of Professor Titmann is one of the most useful, as it unquestionably is the cheapest. The text is a corrected one; that is, Prof. T. has inserted in it such various readings, as are in his judgment preferable to those commonly received, and which have been approved by the most eminent critics; and he has printed an index of the altered passages at the end of the volume. Its portability, in addition to its intrinsic excellence, is no mean recommendation of it to students of the New Testament; the Greek characters, though small, being very distinctly and neatly stereotyped. There are (we understand) some copies on fine paper.

31. 'H KAINH AIA@HKH. Novum Testamentum Manuale. Glasguæ, ex Prelo Academico: impensis Rivingtons et Cochran, Londini, 1821. 32mo.

This edition contains the Greek text only: it follows the text of Aitton, exeept in a few instances, in which the received readings are supported by the best authorities, and consequently are most to be preferred. This edition is beautifully printed on the finest blue-tinted writing paper: it was read six TIMES, with the utmost care, in passing through the press, and will be found to be unusually accurate. No contractions are used. In point of size, it is the smallest edition of the Greek Testament ever printed in this country.

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