differences between this edition and that of Vander Hooght; his assertion is questioned by Masch. The researches of biblical critics have not succeeded in ascer taining what manuscripts were used for this Hebrew Bible. It is, however, acknowledged that these two very antient editions are equal in value to manuscripts. ii. Editiones Primaria, or those which have been adopted as the bases of subsequent impressions.

1. Biblia Hebraica, 8vo. Brixiæ, 1494.

This edition was conducted by Gerson, the son of Rabbi Moses. It is also of extreme rarity, and is printed in long lines, except part of the Psalms, which is in two columns. The identical copy of this edition, from which Luther made his German translation, is said to be preserved in the Royal Library at Berlin. This edition was the basis of, 1. The Complutensian Polyglott; 2. Bomberg's first Rabbinical Bible, Venice, 1518, in 4 vols. folio; 3. Daniel Bomberg's 4to. Hebrew Bible, Venice, 1518; 4. His second Hebrew Bible, 4to. Venice, 1521; and, 5. Sebastian Munster's Hebrew Bible, Basil, 1536, in 2 vols. 4to.

2. Another primary edition is the Biblia Hebraica Bombergiana II. folio, Venice, 1525, 1526, folio.

This was edited by Rabbi Jacob Ben Chajim, who had the reputation of being profoundly learned in the Masora, and other branches of Jewish erudition. He pointed the text according to the Masoretic system. This edition is the basis of all the modern pointed copies.

iii. Editions of the Bible with Rabbinical Commentaries. Besides the Biblia Rabbinica I. et II. just mentioned, we may notice in this class the two following editions, viz.

1. Biblia Hebraica, cum utraque Masora, Targum, necnon com mentariis Rabbinorum, studio et cum præfatione R. Jacob F. Chajim, Venetiis, 1547-1549, 4 tomes in 2 vols. folio.

This is the second of Rabbi Jacob Ben Chajim's editions; and according to M. Brunet, is preferable to the preceding, as well as to another edition executed in 1568, also from the press of Daniel Bomberg.

2. Biblia Hebræa, cum utraque Masora et Targum, item cum commentariis Rabbinorum, studio Joannis Buxtorfii, patris; adjecta est ejusdem Tiberias, sive commentarius masoreticus. Basileæ, 1618, 1619, 1620, 4 tomes in 2 vols. folio.

This great work was executed at the expense of Lewis Koenig, an opulent bookseller at Basle; on account of the additional matter which it contains, it is held in great esteem by Hebrew scholars, many of whom prefer it to the Hebrew Bibles printed by Bomberg. Buxtorf's Biblia Rabbinica contains the commentaries of the celebrated Jewish Rabbins, Jarchi, Aben Ezra, Kimchi, Levi Ben Gerson, and Saadias Haggaon. An Appendix is subjoined, containing, besides the Jerusalem Targum, the great Masora corrected and amended by Buxtorf, the va rious lections of the Rabbis Ben Ascher and Ben Naphtali. Buxtorf also annexed the points to the Chaldee paraphrase. The Tiberias, published by Buxtorf in 1620, was intended to illustrate the Masora and other additions to his great Bible.

iv. Polyglott Bibles.

The honour of having projected the first plan of a Polyglott Bible is due to the illustrious printer, Aldus Manutius the elder; but of this projected work only one sheet was ever printed, in collateral columns of Hebrew, Greek and Latin, in the year 1501. A copy of it (perhaps the only one that is extant) is preserved among the manuscripts in the Royal Library at Paris, No. 3064. The text of the typography is exceedingly beautiful.1

In 1516 there was printed at Genoa, by Peter Paul Porrus (in Edibus Nicolai Justiniani Pauli) the Pentaglott Psalter of Augustin

1 Renouard, Annales de l'Imprimerie des Aldes, tom. ii. pp. 27, 23.

Justiniani Bishop of Nebo. It was in Hebrew, Arabic, Chaldee, and Greek, with the Latin Version, Glosses, and Scholia. In 1518 John Potken published the Psalter in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Ethiopic, at Cologne. But the first Polyglott edition of the entire Hebrew Bible was that printed at Alcala in Spain, viz.

Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, complectentia Vetus Testamentum, Hebraico, Græco, et Latino Idiomate; Novum Testamentum Græcum, et Latinum; et Vocabularium Hebraicum et Chaldaicum Veteris Testamenti, cum Grammaticâ Hebraicâ, nec non Dictionario Græco; Studio, Opera, et Impensis Cardinalis Francisci Ximenes de Cisneros. Industria Arnaldi Gulielmi de Brocario artis impressorie magistri. Compluti, folio. 1514, 1515. 1517. 6 vols.

The printing of this splendid and celebrated work, usually called the Complutensian Polyglott, was commenced in 1502; though completed in 1517, it was not published until 1522, and it cost the munificent Cardinal Zimenes 50,000 ducats. The editors were Ælius Antonius Nebrissensis, Demetrius Ducas, Ferdinandus Pincianus, Lopez de Stunica, Alfonsus de Zamora, Paulus Coronellus, and Johannes de Vergera, a physician of Alcala or Complutum. The last three were converted Jews. This Polyglott is usually divided into six volumes. The first four comprise the Old Testament, with the Hebrew, Latin, and Greek in three distinct Columns, the Chaldee paraphrase being at the bottom of the page with a Latin interpretation; and the margin is filled with Hebrew and Chaldee radicals. The fifth volume contains the Greek Testament, with the Vulgate Latin version in a parallel column; in the margin, there is a kind of concordance, referring to similar passages in the Old and New Testaments. And at the end of this volume, there are, 1. A single leaf containing some Greek and Latin verses; 2. Interpretationes Hebræorum, Chaldæorum Græcorumque Nominum Novi Testamenti, on ten leaves: and 3. Introductio quam brevis ad Græcas litteras, &c. on thirty-nine leaves. The sixth volume contains, 1. A separate title; 2. Vocabularium Hebraicum totius Veteris Testamenti, cum omnibus dictionibus Chaldæis, in eodem Veteri Testamento contentis, on one hundred and seventy-two leaves; 3. An Alphabetical Index, on eight leaves, of the Latin words occurring in different parts of the work; 4. Interpretationes Hebraicorum, Chaldaicorum Græcorumque nominum, Veteris ac Novi Testamenti, secundum Ordinem Alphabeti; 5. Two leaves entitled Nomina que sequuntur, sunt illa, quæ in utroque Testamento vicio Scriptorum sunt aliter Scripta quam in Hebræo et Græco, et in aliquibus Bibliis nostris antiquis, &c. 6. Fifteen leaves entitled Introductiones artis Grammatica Hebraica et primo de modo legendi et pronuntiandi. These several pieces are sometimes placed in a different order from that above indicated. It is not known what is become of the manuscripts that were consulted for this edition. The impression was limited to 600 eopies; three were struck off on vellum. One of these was deposited in the Royal Library at Madrid; and another in the Royal Library at Turin. The third (which is supposed to have been reserved for Cardinal Ximenes), after passing through various hands, was purchased at the Pinelli sale, in 1789, for the late Count M'Carthy of Thoulouse, for four hundred and eighty-three pounds. On the sale of this gentleman's library at Paris, in 1817, it was bought by George Hibbert, Esq. for 16,100 francs, or six hundred and seventy-six pounds three shillings and four pence. Copies of the Complutensian Polyglott, on paper, are in the Libraries of the British Museum and Sion College, and also in several of the College Libraries in the two Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

2. Biblia Sacra Hebraice, Chaldaice, Græce, et Latine, Philippi II. Regis Cathol. Pietate et Studio ad Sacrosanctæ Ecclesiæ Usum, Christophorus Plantinus excudebat. Antwerpiæ, 1569-1572, 8 vols. folio.

Five hundred copies only were printed of this magnificent work; the greater part of which being lost in a voyage to Spain, the Antwerp Polyglott has become of extreme rarity. It was printed in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Chaldee; and contains, besides the whole of the Complutensian Polyglott, a Chaldee paraphrase of part of the Old Testament, which Cardinal Ximenes had deposited in the Public Library at Alcala, having particular reasons for not publishing it. This edition also has a Syriac version of the New Testament, and the Latin translation of Santes.

Pagninus, as reformed by Arias Montanus, the principal editor of this noble undertaking. The sixth, seventh, and eighth volumes are filled with lexicons and grammars of the various languages in which the Scriptures are printed, together with indexes, and a treatise on sacred antiquities. The Hebrew text is said to be compiled from the Complutensian and Bomberg editions.

3. Biblia. 1. Hebraica. 2. Samaritana. 3. Chaldaica. 4. Græca. 5. Syriaca. 6. Latina. 7. Arabica. Lutetiæ Parisiorum, excudebat Antonius Vitré. 1628-1645. 10 vols. large folio.

This edition, which is extremely magnificent, contains all that is inserted in the Complutensian and Antwerp Polyglotts, with the addition of a Syriac and Arabic version of the greatest part of the Old, and the entire New Testament. The Samaritan Pentateuch, with a Samaritan version, was printed for the first time in this Polyglott, the expenses of which ruined the editor, M. Le Jay. His learned associates were Philippus Aquinas, Jacobus Morinus, Abraham Echellensis, Gabriel Sionita, &c. The Hebrew text is that of the Antwerp Polyglott. There are extant copies of Le Jay's edition of the Polyglott Bible, under the following title, viz. Biblia Alexandrina Heptaglotta auspiciis S. D. Alexandri VII. anno sessionis ejus zii. feliciter inchoati. Lutetia Parisiorum prostant apud Joannem Jansonium a Waesberge, Johannem Jacobi Chipper, Eliseum Weirstraet, 1666.

4. Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, complectentia Textus Originales, Hebraicum cum Pentateucho Samaritano, Chaldaicum, Græcum, Versionumque antiquarum Samaritanæ, Græca LXXII Interpretum, Chaldaicæ, Syriacæ, Arabicæ, Æthiopicæ, Vulgatæ Latinæ, quicquid comparari poterat.... Edidit Brianus Walton, S. T. D. Imprimebat Thomas Roycroft. Londini, 1657, 6 vols. large folio.

Though less magnificent than the Paris Polyglott, this of Bishop Walton is, in all other respects, preferable; being more ample and more commodious. Nine languages are used in it, though no one book of the Bible is printed in so many. In the New Testament, the four Gospels are in six languages; the other books, only in five; those of Judith and the Maccabees, only in three. The Septuagint version is printed from the edition printed at Rome in 1587, which exhibits the text of the Vatican manuscript. The Latin is the Vulgate of Clement VIII. The Chaldee paraphrase is more complete than in any former publication. The London Polyglott also has an interlineary Latin version of the Hebrew text; and some parts of the Bible are printed in Ethiopic and Persian, none of which are found in any preceding Polyglott.

The first volume, besides very learned and useful Prolegomena, contains the Pentateuch. Every sheet exhibits, at one view, 1st, The Hebrew Text, with Montanus's Latin version, very correctly printed: 2. The same verses in the Vulgate Latin: 3. The Greek version of the Septuagint, according to the Vatican MS. with a literal Latin Translation by Flaminus Nobilis, and the various readings of the Alexandrian MS. added at the bottom of the column: 4. The Syriac version, with a collateral Latin translation: 5. The Targum, or Chaldee Paraphrase, of Onkelos, with a Latin translation: 6. The Hebræo-Samaritan text, which is nearly the same with the unpointed Hebrew, only the character is different; and the Samaritan version, which differs vastly from the other as to the language, though the sense is pretty nearly the same; and therefore one Latin translation (with a few notes added at the bottom of the column,) serves for both: 7. The Arabic version, with a collateral Latin translation, which in general agrees with the Septuagint.

This first volume contains, or should contain, a portrait of Bishop Walton, engraved by Lombart; and a frontispiece, together with three plates relating to Solomon's temple, all engraved by Hollar. There are also two plates containing sections of Jerusalem, &c. and a chart of the Holy Land. These are inserted in Capellus's Treatise on the temple. That part of the Prolegomena, in this volume, which was written by Bishop Walton, was commodiously printed in octavo, at Leipsic, in 1777, by Prefessor Dathe. It is a treasure of sacred criticism.

The second volume comprises the historical books in the same languages as are above enumerated, with the exception of the Samaritan (which is confined to the Pentateuch) and of the Targum of Rabbi Joseph (surnamed the blind) on the Books of Chronicles, which was not discovered till after the Polyglott was in the press. It has since been published in a separate form, as is noticed in page 118.

The third volume comprehends all the poetic and prophetic books from Job to Malachi, in the same languages as before, only that there is an Ethiopic version of the book of Psalms, which is so near akin to the Septuagint, that the same Latin translation serves for both, with a few exceptions, which are noted in the margin.

The fourth contains all the Apocryphal Books, in Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Arabic, with a two-fold Hebrew text of the book of Tobit; the first from Paul Fagius, the second from Sebastian Munster. After the Apocrypha there is a three-fold Targum of the Pentateuch: the first is in Chaldee, and is ascribed to Jonathan ben Uzziel: the second is in Chaldee also: it takes in only select parts of the Law, and is commonly called the Jerusalem Targum: the third is in Persic, the work of one Jacob Tawus, or Toosee, and seems to be a pretty literal version of the Hebrew text. Each of these has a collateral Latin translation. The two first, though they contain many fables, are exceedingly useful, because they explain many words and customs, the meaning of which is to be found no where else; and the latter will be found very useful to a student in the Persian language, though it contains many obsolete phrases, and the language is by no means in the pure Shirazian dialect.

The fifth volume includes all the books of the New Testament. The various languages are here exhibited at one view, as in the others. The Greek text stands at the head, with Montanus's interlineary Latin translation; the Syriac next; the Persic third; the Vulgate fourth; the Arabic fifth; and the Ethiopic sixth. Each of the oriental versions has a collateral Latin translation. The Persic version only takes in the four Gospels; and for this, the Pars Altera, or Persian Dictionary, in Castell's Lexicon, was peculiarly calculated.

The sixth volume is composed of various readings and critical remarks on all the preceding versions, and concludes with an explanation of all the proper names, both Hebrew and Greek, in the Old and New Testaments. The characters used for the several oriental versions are clear and good; the Hebrew is rather the worst. The simple reading of a text in the several versions often throws more light on the meaning of the sacred writer, than the best commentators which can be met with. This work sells at from twenty-five pounds to seventy guineas, according to the difference of condition. Many copies are ruled with red lines, which is a great help in reading, because it distinguishes the different texts better, and such copies ordinarily sell for three or four guineas more than the others.

In executing this great and splendid work, Bishop Walton was assisted by Dr. Edmund Castell, Dr. Tho. Hyde, Dr. Pocock, Dr. Lightfoot, Mr. Alexander Huish, Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Samuel Clarke, Louis de Dieu, and other eminently learned men.1 It was begun in October 1653, and completed in 1657; the first volume was finished in September 1654; the second in July 1655; the third in July 1656; and the fourth, fifth, and sixth, in 1657, three years before the Restoration. (The Parisian Polyglott was seventeen years in the press!)

This work was published by subscription, under the patronage of Oliver Cromwell, who permitted the paper to be imported duty-free; but the Proctector dying before it was finished, Bishop Walton cancelled two leaves of the preface, in which he had made honourable mention of his patron, and others were printed containing compliments to Charles II. and some pretty severe invectives against republicans. Hence has arisen the distinction of republican and loyal copies. The former are the most valued. Dr. A. Clarke and Mr. Butler have both pointed out (especially the former) the variations between these two editions. For a long time, it was disputed among bibliographers, whether any dedication was ever prefixed to the London Polyglott. There is, however, a dedication in one of the copies in the Royal Library at Paris, and another was discovered a few years since, which was reprinted by the late Mr. Lunn, in large folio, to bind up with other copies of the Polyglott; it is also reprinted in the Classical Journal, vol. iv. pp. 355-361. In the first volume of Pott's and Ruperti's Sylloge Commentationum Theologicarum,

1 Concerning these, as well as the literary history of the London Polyglott, the reader will find much and very interesting information in the Rev. H. J. Todd's Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Right Rev. Brian Walton, D. D., Lord Bishop of Chester, editor of the London Polyglott Bible. With notices of his coadjutors in that illustrious work; of the cultivation of oriental learning, in this country, preceding and during their time; and of the authorised English version of the Bible, to a projected revision of which, Dr. Walton and some of his assistants in the Polyglott were appointed. To which is added, Dr. Walton's own vindication of the London Polyglott. London, 1821, in 2 vols. 8vo.

(pp. 100-137.) there is a collation of the Greek and other versions, as printed in the London Polyglott, with the Hebrew text of the Prophet Micah, accompanied with some explanations by Professor Paulus. To complete the London Polyglott, the following publications should be added, viz.

1. Paraphrasis Chaldaica in librum priorem et posteriorem chronicorum. Auctore Rabbi Josepho, rectore Academiæ in Syria. Nunc demum a manuscripto Cantabrigiensi descripta, ac cum versione Latina in lucem missam, a Davide Wilkins.. Amstelædami, 4to. 1715. The manuscript from which this work was taken, was written A. D. 1477: it was discovered by Dr. Samuel Clarke in the university of Cambridge; and, besides the Chaldee Paraphrase on the Books of Chronicles, contained the Books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah, with a targum or paraphrase on each. It is elegantly printed, the Chaldee text being on the right hand page, and the Latin translation on the left. The Chaldee has the vowel points; and both the text and version are divided into verses. This work is now of extreme rarity.

2. Dr. Castell's Lexicon Heptaglotton; of which an account is given infra, in the Appendix, No. III. Sect. I.

The purchaser of the London Polyglott should also procure Dr. John Owen's Considerations on the Polyglott, 8vo. 1658: Bishop Walton's Reply, entitled The Considerator considered, &c. 8vo. 1659 and (a work of much more importance than either) Walton's Introductio ad lectionem Linguarum Orientalium, Hebraica, Chaldaice, Samaritanæ, Syriaca, Arabica, Persica Ethiopica, Armenica, Coptica, &c. 18mo. London, 1615. 'This little tract,' says Dr. Adam Clarke, 'is really well written, and must have been very useful at the time it was published. It does not contain grammars of the different languages mentioned in the title, but only the different alphabets, and directions how to read them. At the end of his exposition of the alphabet of each language, is a specimen in the proper character, each line of which is included between two others; the first of which is a literal Latin version of the original, and the second, the letters of the original expressed by Italics. Short as these examples are, they are of great utility to a learner. This little work is of considerable importance, as the harbinger of this inestimable Polyglott. 2

Bishop Walton's Polyglott having long been extremely scarce and dear, it has been the wish of biblical students for many years, that it should be reprinted. In 1797, the Rev. Josiah Pratt issued from the press, A Prospectus, with specimens, of a New Polyglott Bible in Quarto, for the use of English Students, and in 1799, another Prospectus, with specimens, of an Octavo Polyglott Bible; but, for want of encouragement, the design of the estimable editor has not been carried into execution. A similar fate has attended The Plan and Specimen of BIBLIA POLYGLOTTA BRITANNICA, or an enlarged and improved edition of the London Polyglott Bible, with Castell's Heptaglott Lexicon, which were published and circulated by the Rev. Adam Clarke, LL. D. F. S. A. in 1811. The reader may see them reprinted in the Classical Journal (where, however, no notice is taken of the author of the plan), vol. iv. pp. 493–497.

5. Biblia Sacra Quadrilinguia Veteris Testamenti Hebraici, cum Versione e regione positis, utpote versione Græca LXX Interpretum ex codice manuscripto Alexandrino, a J. Ern. Grabio primum evulgata - Item versione Latina Sebast. Schimidii noviter revisa et textui Hebræo accuratius accommodata et Germanica beati Lutheri, ex ultima beati viri revisione et editione 1544-45 expressa, adjectis textui Hebræo Notis Masorethicis et Græcæ Versioni Lectionibus Codicis Vaticani; notis philologicis et exegeticis aliis, ut et summariis capitum ac locis parallelis locupletissimis ornata. Accurante M Christ. Reineccio. Lipsia, 1750, 3 vols. folio.

The comparative cheapness of this neatly and accurately printed work renders it a valuable substitute for the preceding larger Polyglotts. Dr. A. Clarke, who has read over the whole of the Hebrew and Chaldee text, with the exception of

1 For a more particular account of the London Polyglott, we refer the reader to Dr. Clarke's Bibliographical Dictionary, vol. i. pp. 248-270; vol. ii. pp. 1–12; Mr. Butler's Hora Biblicæ, vol. i. pp. 138-149; and Mr. Dibdin's Introduction to the Knowledge of the Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, vol. i. pp. 13— 27, from which publications the above account is abridged.

Bibliographical Dictionary, vol. ii. p. 11.