of France, 237, 238; of the East, 422,
423.

Deshayes, M., 740, 741. 743. 748.750.
Desmarest, M., 578.

Devonshire, mild climate of, 492, 493;
geology of, 682.

Dew, formation of, 480; depositions of,
481; in hot climates, 482.

Diablerets mountains, fall of one of the,
411.

Diallage, 650, 651.

Dicotyledonous plants, 550. 563.
Diluvium formation, 640.

Diluvium, chapter on, 751-765; fossil
animals found in, 752-762: boulders
of, 763-765; position of, 641.
Diornis of New Zealand, 715.
Dinotherium, view of the, 748.

Diodorus Siculus, 144. 423, 535.
Diorite or greenstone, 645.
Dip of strata, 614. 627.
Dipterous fossil fish, 689.

Discordant, or unconformable strata,
628.

Discovery, astronomical, history of, 1—
32.

Disintegrated granite, view of. 648.
Dislocation of strata illustrated, 629.
Disruption of rocks by igneous action,
632, et al.

Dissemination of plant seeds, 565-567.
Distances, relative, of the ancient pla-

nets from the sun, 46; of the stars,
162-164.

Distribution of plants, 546-571; of ani-
mals, 571-594; of fossils, 635.
Districts, the various coal, 700, et seq.
Disturbances, ancient, of the earth's
crust have been beneficial to mankind,
629.

Divination, founded on the appearance of
the heavens, 3.

Division of plants, 548-550.
Dobrizhoffer, 479.

Docility of fish, 575.

Dodo, the, 767.786.

Dodona, inflammable fountain of, 275.
Dog, notices of the, 587. 595. 601. 606.
Dome, chain of Mont de, 746.
Dorsetshire, land-slip on the coast of,
392; coasts of abundant in ichthyo.
sauri, 722; strata of, 727.

Dovedale, valley of, description and
view, 219, 220.

Dovor, straits of, 390; chalk cliff of,
391; present state and ancient condi-
tion of, 396.

Downs, (or dunes) how formed, 400;
localities of, 401, 402.

Dranse, the river, its source, 413; its
irruption, 414, 415.

Drift, formations, 640, 751–765, et al.
timber in the arctic seas, 361.
Dripping well at Knaresborough, 277.
Dromedary, the, 590.

Drought, details of a great, in South
America, 471, 472; in India, 472.
Dru, Aiguille de, view of, 647.
Druids, tradition of the, 648.
Drummond, Sir W., assigns a knowledge

of the telescope to the Greeks, Chal-
deans and Hindoos, 16.

Ducie's Island, corals of, 384.
Dudley basalt, notices of the, 627; basal-
tic hills near, 654; silurian rocks of,

the solar disc, 65, 66; general observ.
ations on, 70; its spherical figure
proved, 71; its diameter at the pole
and equator, 71; its rotation proved,
.72; its translation and velocity in space,
72; the seasons caused by its double
movements, 73; diagram showing the
varying length of day and night on the,
73; atmosphere of the, 75; is visible to
some of the planetarians, but not to
others, 75; is invisible to a moiety of
the lunarians, 80; density of the, 106;
has changed its position in the uni-
verse, 183; great natural divisions of
the surface of the, 193-199; supposed
causes of volcanic action and earth-
quakes in the, 433, 434; antiquity of
the, 429. 434; importance of rain to
the, 462; benefits of diverse climates in
the, 484; soils of, influence climate,
495; climate of, has undergone changes,
515; zoological provinces of the, 588-
591; population of the, 596; true shape
of, 613; composition of the crust of
the, 622, 623, et al.; fractured surface
of, caused by upheavings, 629.
Earthquakes, 386; at Lisbon, 386; in
Peru, 386; Jamaica, 386, 387; action
of, 430; Creoles of America distinguish
two kinds of, 430, 431; Chili, 406; ex-
tensive influence of, 431; in Caraccas,
431, 432; in Calabria, 434, 435; causes
of, 433-435.

East, the, astronomical inquiry had its
origin in, 2; in its deserts travellers
early found the stars indispensable
guides, 144.

Easter Island, 593.

Easton, Mr., his table of longevities. 607.
Ebel, M., his account of glaciers, 208.
Ebullient springs, 271-274.
Echinites, fossil, 721.

Eclipses, annular, unobserved by the
ancients, 15, 16; of the sun, 58; cause
of, and description, 59; annular, 60. 81;
table of, for this century, 61; descrip-
tion of a tota!, 61; eclipses of the moon,
79, 80.

Ecliptic, obliquity of the, determined,

18. 74.

Fdentes, the, of Cuvier, 590.
Eel, the, its wanderings, 578.
Egina, view of the port of, 357.
Egg, Scuir of, 653, 654.

Egypt, ancient and present condition of
its land, 397. 421, 422; hot winds of,
447, 448; once the chief seat of astro-
nomical science, 8; granitic monu-
ments of, 648.

Egyptian system, the, explained and ex-
amined, 14; was the prototype of the
Tychonic, 14.

Egyptians claim the honour of first ob-
serving the celestial sphere, 4; their
claims not altogether unfounded, 4;
learned from the Greeks to measure
the pyramids by their shadows, 4.
Egmont, Mount, in New Zealand, view
and description of, 201.
Ehrenberg, Herr, 635. 749
Elden Hole, in the Peak, description of,
242, 243.
Electricity, manifestations of during hur-
ricanes, 452, 453; an agent in evapora-
tion, 461; identical with lightning, 517;
derivation of the word, 517; its energy
decreases by distance from the equator,
517; its operation in equatorial lati-
tudes, 517-519; is connected with
magnetism, 522; various manifesta-
tions of, 523-529.

Elements, the four, an exploded error,
613.

Elephant, the, 304. 590, 595.
Elephants, fossil, 753.
Elk, gigantic horned, 758, 759,
Ellora, drought at, 472

Elevation, valleys of, illustrated, 630
Elmo, fire of Saint, 520.
Encke's comet, 111.
Encrinal limestone, illustrated, 693.
Encrinites, illustrated, 676.
Encrinitis moniliformis, view of the, 638.
Encroachments of the sea, 386-388;
chronological list of, 388--390, in Hol-
land, France, and Britain, 390-396; in
America, 396.

Endogenitæ, fossil, 730.

Engineer, geological knowledge useful to
the, 620.

England, flora of, 564; geological maps
of, 619; east coast of, its alluvium and
drift, 642; igneous formations of, 656;
abundance of the new red sandstone
strata in, 709, 710; oolitic formation
in, 718; chalk strata of, 731, et seq.
Ensisheim on the Rhine, fall of meteoric
stones at, 132, 133.

Eocene tertiary period, 741-747.
"Eothen," citation from, 228, 2:9.
Epacrides, botanical regions of the, 562.
Epicycles, Ptolemy's theory of, 13.
Epoch, the human, in geology, 636. 639.
Equatorial and hot regions, climate of
the, 504, 505.

Equinoxes, precession of the, 73, 74; has
caused zodaical changes, 149.
Era (astronomical) of the Greek and
Alexandrian schools, 1-16; of Coper-
nicus, Tycho Brahe, Keppler, and Ga-
lileo, 17-32; of Newton, Halley, and
Herschel, 33-40.

Erebus, Mount, 210.
Erethrina, or coral-tree, 555.
Erica, the genus, 558.

Erie, lake, depositions of, 740.
Erratic rocks, 760.

Escalonias, botanical regions of the, 561.
Escape, providential, of a Swiss shep-
herd, 411.

Escher, M., his account of the inundation
from the Val de Bagnes, 414.
Escobar, Maria de, 567.
Eskdale, peat-mosses of, 770.

Esquimaux drift to the Orkneys, 363;
shelter of the, 477; food of the, 597;
skulls of, 605; stature of, 605; hair
of, 606.

Etesian winds, 447.

Ethiopian division of the human race,
603.

Etna, Mount, 210. 212. 410; view of, 213;'
changes in, 424. 427; variety of climates
on, 491; Ovid's remark on, 616; erup-
tions of, 780; fissures in, 654.
Euboea, erthquake at, 433.
Eucalyptæ, botanical regions of the, 562.
Eudoxus of Cnidus described the face of
the heavens, 147.

Euomphali, fossil, illustrated, 675.
Euphrates, the river, 294.

Europe, computed population of, 596;
diversities of the huma figure in, 605;
granitic mountains of, 645,
Euxine Sea, the, 366.

Evaporation, its causes and effects, 461;
takes place from terrene as well as
aqueous surfaces, 461: its natural limits,
461, 462.

External structure of rocks illustrated,

625.

Eyes, immense number of, in some aui-
mals, 672.

Fable, Arab, a beautiful, 616, 617.
Fahrenheit, thermometer of, 484. 507.
Fair-head, Ireland, basaltic promontory
of, 653.

Falkland Islands, the, 581, 582. 596. 668.
Fall River, view of rocking-stone at,
761.

Falls of Trolhetta, description and view
of, 285; and of Terni, 286.
Fata Morgana, 535. 540; view of the, 538;
causes of it, 538. 540.

Fault in strata, illustrated, 629; in oval
strata, 698, 699

Fayal, marine meadows near, 348
Fejee island, hot spring in, 269,
Feline race, the, 598.

Felspar, its compounds, and where found,
623; a component of granite, 644: its
crumbling nature, 648; forms a molety
of greenstone, 652; glassy, 655; por.
phyry, 654.

Fennel, its prolific nature, 569.
Ferguson, James, 158.

Fern plants, 551; fossil, 706.
Field plants, 549.

Fifeshire, coal of, 642.

Fibrous structure of rocks, 624.
Findhorn, loss of land at the river. 401,
402. 416-420; basin of the river, 683.
Fiords of Norway, description and view
of, 332.

Fir-trees, various species of, 552; extra-
ordinary, 772.

Fire-balls, 131, 519, 523. See Stars, falling
and shooting; also Meteoric Showers.
Fires of the interior of the earth, 656.
Firmament, index to the arrangement of
the stars in the, 156-158.
First cause, necessity for a, 40. 107. 164.
182; is not suspended by the adoption
of the nebular hypothesis, 191.
Fishes, class of, 574-579; longevity of,
575; sword-fish, 575; phosphorescence
of fish, 575; numbing power of several
kinds, 575; climatal differences in the
varieties of, 577; the cod, 577; mackerel,
thunny, pilchard and herring, 577, 578;
migrations of several kinds, 578; spe-
cies having analogy to land mammalia,
578, 579; fossil, list of successive, 638,
639.

Fissures in rocks, 625. 632 ; volcanic, 644.
656; at Palistena, 432.
Fitzroy, Captain, 451, 775.
Fixed stars. See Stars fixed.
Flamborough Head, cliffs of, 731. 734,
735.

Flamstead, the first astronomer royal.
36; is highly esteemed, 37; was of
humble origin, yet attained the summit
of practical astronomy, 37; his labours
much assisted Newton, 37; his letters
discovered by Mr. Bailey, 37; was
unhandsomely treated by Newton and
others, 37; observed the northern
hemisphere, 41; cited. 358.

Fleabane, wide dissemination of the
plant, 565.

Flinders, Captain, his researches, 383.
Flints, found usually in chalk, 733.
Floating islands, 318-320, 593.

Floods, great, at Martigny, 413–415; in
Morayshire, 420. 592,'593.

Flora, ancient, of the earth, 707.
Flowers, their beauty and uses, 546.
Fluviatile deposits, 776, 777.

Flying-fish, the, 575.

Folkstone, land-slip at, 392.

Foot-marks and other traces of animals
in strata, 631.716.

Forbes, professor, his alpine experiences,
207, 208. 341.

Forest plants, 549; marble, 724; hills,
752.

Forests of equinoctial America, descrip-
tion of, by Humboldt and Darwin, 555,

556.

Formations, geological, 636, et al.
Forster, Mr. W. M., Newcastle colliery
tables, 696, 697.

Forth, river, its tortuous course, 282.
Fossil organic remains, their true nature
and origin unknown till recent times,
617: definitely distributed in the
earth's strata, 619; ferns in coal strata,
631; remains, 662; of the silurian
system, 670; in the carboniferous
system, 690, et seq.; fossil trees, views
of, 705, 706.

Fossils found in caverns, 251-254.
Fossiliferous rocks, division of, 635, et
seq.; thickness of in Britain, 637.
Foyers, falls of, 285, 286.
Fox, the, 588; polar, 592.
France, coast of, 402; extinct volcanoes
in central, 427. 429; action of the fire
in, 450: varying climates of, 493; flora
of, 564; new red sandstone system of,
70%. 713 oolites of, 724, 725; clays of,
726; chalk of, 731, et al.; tertiary stra-
ta of, 745, 747.
Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, observes the
effect of oil in stilling waves, 351, 352;
his celebrated kite experiment, 517.
Sir John, 525.528.

Freiberg, school of miners at, 617; mass
of silver found there, 634.

Fresnel, M., 463,

Frost, its operation on rocks, 408.
Frozen regions, climate of, 506, 507.
Frugivorous races of men, 597.

Fruits and cultivated vegetables, notices
of the introduction of various, 567-
569.

Fuci, 558.

Funchal, great floods at, 415, 416.
Fuller's earth, 725

Fungi, 550. 551.

Gailenreuth Cave, section of, 255.
Galapagos islands, the, 582.
Galaxy, the. See Milky Way.
Galileo, his birth and career, 29; advances
the system of Copernicus, 29; discovers.
the four satellites of Jupiter, 29, 30;
discovers, though imperfectly, the pe-
culiar structure of Saturn, and the
phases of Venus, 30; demonstrates the
earth's rotation, 30; is persecuted for
his doctrines, 30, and belies himself,
31; falls into distress in his latter years,
but dies at an advanced age, 31, can-
did apology for, in the mistaken con-
duct of his persecutors, 31, 32; observes
a nebulosity, 184.
Ganges, the river, 202. 281. 294. 370, 371,
contrasted with the Jumna, 325; mouth
of the, 302; gavial of the, 579. 590; raft
islands at the mouth of the, 593.
Garonne, the river, 202. 549.
Garnet, 659.

Gas, irrespirable, formed in caverns, 255;
at the Grotto del Cane, 255; at St. Le-
ger, in Dunsphole, and in Java, 256.
Gases, the five elementary, 622.
Gassendi, the celebrated, 133.
Gault, 732, 733, et al.

Gavial of the Ganges, the, 723. 729.
Gay-Lussac, M., 463. 519.
Géant, mountain of the, 648.
Gemma, Cornelius, 527.

Gemini, or constellation of the Twins,
150.

Geneva, or Leman Lake, 320; lateral
mirage on the, 543; alluvium of, 776.
Gensaune, M., 501.

Genesis, definition of the word, 598.
Geography, science of, its origin, 193;
definition of the word, 195; and of the
subordinate terms of, 197.
Geological Society of London, its labours,

620.

Geology, what it is, 611; its origin as a
science, 611; obstacles it had to en-
counter, 612, 613; its study exalts hu-
manity and glorifies the Creator, 614.
786, 787; the ancients had some glimpses
of the truths of, 615, 616; era of mo-
dern, 617; Werner's theory of, 617, 618;
Dr. Hutton's, 618; William Smith's
labours in, 619, 620; use of, in the arts,
620; tells the early history of the globe,
621.

Geophagists, or earth-eaters, 597.
Gerard, Captain A., his description of
the Darial pass, 217, 218; view of, 782.
Gerdan, lake, floating islands in, 319.
German Ocean, tides of the, their opera-
tion on the British coasts, 372; sands of
the, 772.

Germany, surface of, 236, 237; new red
sandstone system of, 708. 713; oolitic
fossils of, 721.

Germination of plants, after long immer-
sions in the ocean, 566.
Geysers of Iceland, description and view
of the, 271-273, 778.
Giant's Causeway, the, 626; notices of
the, 663. 731.

Gibraltar, Straits of, 329. 337; view of,
366; Dutch ship sunk in the, 366, 367.
Gilpin, Mr., 768.

Giraffe, the, 587. 590. 594.
Giggleswick spring, Yorkshire, 268.
Glaciers, their nature and movements.
207. 341, 342; their disastrous action,
412--415.

Glairine, a fossil animal substance, 277.
Glamour of the Highlanders, 535.
Glance at the stars, 143-158.
Glen Tilt, geological character of, illus-
trated, 632, 633; 659; Roy, 777.
Glencoe, 659.

Globe, area of the, 195; presents the two
grand natural divisions of land and wa-
ter, 195; tides at various points of the,
355-357; denudation of its lands by
river action, 370-373; geological rea-
soning respecting the, 425; changes in
the, 434, 435; botanical regions of the,
560-564; crust of the, 611, et seq.; fos-
sils in the strata of the, 635, et seq.
Glogau, a powder magazine saved from
explosion at, 521.
Gmelin, M., 528, 602. 604
Goat, the, 588.606

Goatfell in Arran. 655.

Gold ore, where found, 634.
Goldau, vale of, 409, 410.

Goodwin Sands, the, when and how
formed, 387.

Gorbitz, valley of, ignis fatuus in the,
544, 545,

Graba, his account of the Vogel-berg,
580, 581.

Graham, Mrs., her account of an earth-
quake in Chili, 405, 406; Professor,
570,

Grampians, the, 659. 681.
Gran Seco, the, 767.

Granite, its composition, 624; interming-
lings of, in strata, 631; underlying mas-
ses of, 632; croppings out of, in Glen
Tilt, 632, 633. 641, 642; forms the
skeleton of the earth, 645; general lo-
calities of, 645; in Britain, 656.
Granitic rocks, 644-655; veins in graui-
wacke and gneiss, 649; igneous cha-
racter of, 657.

Granular structure of rocks, 624.
Graphic granite, illustrated, 644.
Grauwacke, 655.

Gravity, or gravitation, the great law of,
39, 40. See Attraction.

Grass plants, 551, 552.

Great Bear Lake, 318. 322.

Great Britain, the surface of, nearly all
stratified, 635.

Great Slave Lake, 318. 323.

Greeks, their attainments in astronomi-
cal science, 6. 12.

Green sand, 732, et al.; shells found in,
732,733.

Greenland, east coast of, 342. 507; ani-
malcula in the seas of, 348; insect
scourges of, 574; white hare of, 589;
brown fox in, 592.

Greenough, Mr., 619. 761.

Greenstone rock, is usually columnar,
626.

porphyry, 654.

, or diorite, 645,

or whinstones, 652.

Grenier, fall of Mont, 411, 412.
Greenwich Observatory, its origin. 35;
its successive superintendents, 36; its
arrangements and importance, 36.
Greywacke, 662.

Grindelwald, valley of, 208.

Grinsill, fossil animal remains found at,
713.

Groningen, peat of, 769.

Grotte des Fromages, view of the, 653.
Grotto del Cane, description and view
of, 255, 256.

Group, oolitic, composition of the, 724-

731.

Gryllus migratorius, or locust, ravages
of, 573, 574.

Guacharo, cavern of the, description of,
245, 246; subterranean vegetation in
the, 547.

Guadiana, the river, 292.

Guadaloupe limestone, human skeleton
found in the, 636. 760.

Gulf Stream, 360, 362. 364. 372. 494, 592.
Guiana, spider of, 573; fossils of. 587.
Gurtshellir cavern in Iceland, 242.
Guwo-Upas, or Poisoned valley of Java,
its noxious gas, 256.

Guy's Cliff, fossil batrachians found in,
713.

Gwennap, consolidated mines of, 634.
Gymnotus electricus, the, 576; Hum-
boldt's account of the numbing power
of the, 576, 577.
Gypsum, its nature, 739; found in red
sandstone, 711.

Hæmatite, or bloodstone, 634.
Hail, formation and theory of, 478;
operations of, 478–480.

Hair, divers colours of the human, 599-
601.

Halfway Island, coral formations of, 383,
384.

Hall, Sir James, 649.

Captain Basil, an expert navigator,
144, 145; observations by. 329. 365;
his Alpine experiences, 208; his ac-
count of Niagara Falls, 288, 289: of
sea-water, 329; of tropical storms, 334,
335; of the Yellow Sea. 371; of the

coral insects, 382. 383; of Italian re-
mains, 405; of an inundation, 415.
Halley, 3; his birth. career, and labours,
41; becomes second astronomer royal,
41; his voyages, 41; observes the
comet of 1680, which since took his
name, 41, 42; his predictions, and their
verification since his death, 42; his
opinions on meteors, 131; his courtli-
ness, 147; his observations on a variable
star in the Swan, 171; observations by,
476.572.

Halos, 530.

Hamilton, Sir William, 404. 432.
Hammer, M. von, the Orientalist, 135.
Hammerfest, island of, 552.
Hampshire geological basin, 742.
Hand, the, its importance to man, 595.
Hannibal, his passage into Italy, 215.
Harding, discovered an asteroid, 158.
Harmattan, or desert hot wind, 448, 449.
Hartside mountain, 451, 452.

Hastings, singular atmospheric pheno-
mena seen at, 537.

Hatfield Chase, account of, 771, 772.
Hatteras, Cape, 364.

Hawau, or Owhyhee, prodigious vol-
cano in, 210.

Hawkshaw, memoir by Mr., 704.
Hayti, negroes of, 609.

Head, Captain, 569; his description of the
Pampas, 233.

Heads, shape and illustrations of the
varieties of human, 601. 604.
Heat, rarefaction of air by, familiarly
illustrated, 436; a high degree of, sup-
portable by man, 484; intense, in
various places, 495; increases as we
descend into the earth, 501, 502; is a
grand agent in evaporation, 461; has
caused the upheavings of rocks, 631, et
al.; supposed focus of, in the centre
of the earth, 643; intense action of,
643.

Heath plants not common in Asia and
unknown to America, 558.
Heavens, appearance of the, 63; scenery
of the, 49-192; optical illusion re-
garding the, 146; guide to the constel-
lations in the, 156-158.

Heber, Bishop, observations of, 599, 600.
Heberden, Dr., 469.

Hebrides, the, 363; geology of the, 660.

662.

Hecla, eruptions of Mount, 781, 782.
Hedge or thicket plants, 550.
Helena, St., island of, 326. 356; pecu-
liarity of its plants, 558. 563; was long
uninhabited, 596.
Heliacal setting, the, 5.
Heligoland, islands of, 393.
Heliopolis, obelisk at, 15.

Helespont, movement of its waters, 366;
Byron swam across, 366.

Helm-weed in Cumberland, account of
the, 451, 452.

Hemispheres of the globe, diversities of
the old and new, 198; temperatures of
northern and southern, 502.

Henderson, Mr., 528.

Henslow, Professor, 568.

Herbivorous fish, 578, 579.

Herculaneum, city of, 423, 424.
Hercules, the constellation, 178.
Herefordshire has no coal, 641; sand-
stone of, 681, 682.
Herodotus, 7.

Herring, the, its rapid movement, 575.
Herschel, Sir William, his birth and his-
tory, 44; his great telescope, 44, 45;
much extended our knowledge of the
solar system, and discovered Uranus
with its satellites, 45; also the sixth and
seventh satellites of Saturn, 45; re-
solved the Milky Way into an infinite
number of stars, 46; time of his death,
46; view of his great telescope at
Slough, 160; his catalogue of nebulæ,
179; his observations on, 182; his
estimations of their distances, 184.
--, Caroline, sister of the preceding,
and the constant partner in his labours,
46. 179; survived her brother, 46; dis-
covers a nebula, 183.

-, Sir J., nephew of the latter, and

son of the former; his discourse be.
fore the Astronomical Society, 143, 144;

his catalogue of nebulæ, 179, 180; no-
tices of his labours and citations from
his disquisitions, 181, et al.
Hesiod, 5, 6.

Hesseburg, fossil footmarks at, 714.
Hevelius of Dantzic, his labours, 34;
specially observed the northern hemi-
sphere, 41; Hounds of, 154, 155; dis-
covers a temporary star, 168; searches
for the Stella Mira, 170; observations
of, 275. 308. 397.
Highlands, the Scotch, 658, 659. 662. 681.
et al.

High water at various places, time of,
356, 357.

Hills, the Pentland, principally felspar,

623.

Himalaya range, geology of the, 645. 681,
et al.

Himalayas, mountains of the, 204. 487,
488. 541.

Hinds, Mr., 548. 560. 569.

Hindoos, complexions of the, 599, 600.
Hindu tables, 4.

Hipparchus, the greatest astronomical
name in antiquity, 10; made a cata-
logue of the fixed stars, 10; also an
artificial globe, 11; his system illus-
trated and examined, 12, 13.
Hippopotamus, the, 590. 594; the fossil,
755.

History of astronomical discovery, 1–48.
Hitchcock, Professor, 683. 702. 714, 715,
716 761.

Hoar-frost, 483.

table of climates, 493; his theory of
American climates, 495; his account of
climates in general, 496-503; of a
thunder-storm at Cuman, 518; and of
a halo seen there, 539, of subterranean
plants near, 547; gigantic trees mea-
sured by, 549, 550; his account of the
forests of equinoctial America, 555;
and its trees, 558; declares the native
country of the potato to be unknown,
567; describes the action of the elec-
trical eel on man and animals, 576, 577;
his account of a cayman, 580; of the
jaguar, 586; of the wild horses of
South America, 587; of the earth-eating
Indians, 598; of the acute scent of
Indians, 606; of the longevity of In-
dians, 607; was a pupil of Werner, 617;
his observations on the Peruvian rocks,
645; op the Andes' tops, 655.
Hungary, mountains of, 656.
Hunter, Mr. John, 609.
Hurricanes, 451-456; in South America,
451; in the East and West Indies, 452-
455; their whirlwind character, 453.
456; their action on desert sands, 456;
on dusty plains, 457; on the ocean,
457, 458; illustration of tropical, 451;
their uses in the economy of nature,
458, 459, 565.

Hutton, Dr. James, propounded the Vul-
canian or igneous hypothesis of geo-
logy, 618, 619; his exploration of Glen
Tilt, 632, 633.

-, Mr., 702.

of, 393.

Hoff, M., 388. 398.

Hog, notices of the, 588. 592, 593. 605,
606.

Holland, tides of, 358; coasts of, 401.
Dr., 712.

Hollows, circular, at Palistena, 433.
Home, Sir Everard, 721.
Homer cited, 5, 6. 130. 154, 259, 260. 269.
367.600.

Homo, the genus, 595.

Honfleur, fossil bones found near, 723.
726.

Hooke, Dr., developed the influence of
gravity, 37.

Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 517.
Horizontal stratification illustrated, 625,
626.

Hornblende, a component of granite, 644;
and of greenstone, 652; of trachytic
rock, 655; slate, 659.
Horsburgh, Captain, 384. 439.
Horse, the wild, of South America, 587.
600, 601; other animals of the equine
kind, 598; diversities of the, 605.
Hotoplychius, the, 680, 681.
Hot spring plants, 550.
Hot-wells. See Thermal Springs.
Hot winds, 447---450.

Hotham volcanic island, visit to, descrip-
tion and view of, 377-379.
Howard, Mr. Luke, 463. 480. 483.
Hudson, the river, 620; Palisadoes, or
basaltic rocks of the, 626.
Human race, chapter on the distribution
of the, 595-610; its numbers, 596;
food, 597; varieties, 598; colour of
skin, and complexion, 599; shape of
the head, 601-605; bodily proportions,
605; odours, 605, 606; other diver-
sities, 606, 607; longevity, 607, 608;
general analogies, 608; pretensions and
usurpations of races, 609; original
unity, 609; and accidental dispersions,
610

Humboldt, Von, 212; his account of the
Cordilleras, 219; of the Sahara and
other deserts, 226. 229; of the llanos,
230, 231; of cavities in the earth, 240.
242; of Guacharo, 245, 246; of the
climate of tropical America, 296, 297,
298; his conjecture regarding the Cas-
pian, 317; notice of ocean springs, 328;
light and colour of oceanic water, 330.
333; and its temperature, 335, 336; his
observations on the Mediterranean,
347; on the Atlantic seaweeds, 348;
currents, 362; of the earthquake at
Caraccas, 431, 432; of the tropics, 441';
his measure of rain-falls, 470, 471; his
observations on Teneriffe, 491; his

and the great nebula in Orion, 34; is
invited to, but afterwards banished
from, France, 34; his discoveries, 34.
184; a remark of his, 164.
Hyades, constellation of the, 159.
Hydrogen, with oxygen, forms water,

622.

Hygrometer, the, 462.

Hylæosaurus, the, 730.

Hypersthene, a component of granite,
644, 645.

Hypogenous rocks, 643.

Hypothesis or theory, nebular, of Her-

schel and Laplace, 47; not atheistical
in its nature, 191, 192; of Linnæus re-
garding the original habitat of plants,
difficulties attending the, 564.

Ice-fields in the ocean, description and
view of, 337, 338; icebergs, origin and
character, with an illustration, 338-
345; perils to navigators from, 339-
341; 342-345; animals drifted on, 592.
Iceland, 361: Yokuls of, 207; volcanic
isle near, 370; calamities in, 376; boil-
ing mud of, 515; lightning in, 519;
aurora borealis in, 527, 528; atmo-
spherical isothermal phenomena of, 542;
white bears of, 588.

Ichthyophagous races of men, 597.
Ichthyosaurus, the, 638; 721, 722.
Ichnolites, or foot-prints in stone, 714.
Ichyolites, 684-686. 689. 694.
Igneous action, force of, 631. 643; past,
in Britain, 656. 698, 699.

Ignis fatuus, the, 543-545; localities of,
543, 544, 545; view of a, 544; arises
from inflammable gas, 545.
Iguano, the, 729.

Iguanodon, the, 729, 730.
Illusions, spectral, 535-543.

Inclined stratification, illustration of, 627
-630.

India, flora of, 562, 563.

Indications, concluding chapter on gene-
ral geological, 783-785.
Indus, the river, 294. 357.
Inequalities of the ocean bed, 326.
Inflammable springs, 275, 276.
Infusoria, 572. 614.

Inglis, Mr., his mountain experiences,
214, 215, 216; traced rivers to their
sources, 278; his opinion of the Shan-
non rapid, 284; his estimation of divers
European rivers, 299; account of the
Tyrolese Alps, 490, 491.

Ingredients, the various, found in granite,
644, 645.

Inquiry into the origin of the various
races of men, 599-610.

Insect tribes, the, 572; in equatorial and

polar regions, 573; the locust, 573, 574;
fossil, list of successive, 638, 639.
Intermittent springs, 265, 266; diagram
of the action of one, 265.
Internal structure of rocks, illustrated,
624.

Intertropical regions of animals, 589.
Irby and Mangles, Captains, 315. 421.
Ireland, lakes of, 310, 311; climate of,
492; has no serpents or toads, 579; has
no tertiary strata, 739; Mourne, granite
mountains of, 649, 650; pitchstone of,
553; north-west geological districts of,
659; southern, 668; bogs of, 769.
Ironstone, localities of, 695, 696.
Irving, Washington, his description of
the prairies, 234.
Ischia, island of, 779.
Islay, isle of, 661.

Jaguar, the, or American tiger, 586, 587.

Josephus, citations from, 315. 522.
Judea, rains of, 469, 470, 471; hail-storm
in, 479; dews of, 482.
Jungfrau, the, or Maiden Mountain, 203.
Juno, the planet, or asteroid, 91.
Jupiter, the planet, 93; his brightness-

distance from the sun-path and rate
of movement-dimensions, 93; his
density form, 94; has no seasons
like the terrestrial reasons there-
for, 94; zones or bands, otherwise
belts, of, 94, 95; their supposed use, 95;
moons of, four in number, 95, eclipses
of the, 96; one of great use in astro-
nomical calculations, 96; the Jovian
system a miniature of the solar, 97;
area and solid contents of, 102; incli-
nation of, to the earth, 104; density
of, 106.

Jura, district of the, 408; section of un-
dulated strata of the, 630.

limestone, the, 718. 761; oolitic sys-
tem of the, 724.

isle of, 661.

Jussieu, M., 551, 552.

Kaaterskill Falls, description and view of
the, 284.

Kadre, a savage of Ulea, his enforced
Voyage, 610.

Kalofaro, the ancient Charybdis, 368.
Kamenis, volcanic isles of the, 374.
Kamtschatka, 588.

Kandal Steig lake, view of, 310.
Kangaroo, the, 591.594.

Kauf, Professor, 714. 748.

Keith, Mr., on the dissemination of plants,
565.

Kelloway rock, the, 726.

Kentish ragstone, 730; chalk, 731.
Keppler, John, is invited to Prague by
Tycho Brahe, 26; his birth, education,
and discoveries, 27, 28; his three great
laws, 28; becomes a zealous Coperui-
can, and was the harbinger of Newton,
28; his observations on the comet of
1604, and others, 28; falls into distress
in his latter years, 28; his death, 29;
was the discoverer of the general laws
of the universe, 33; surmised those of
gravitation, 38; also the existence of
other planets, 46; was a constant
watcher of the stars. 158; his familiar
refutation of the Epicurean atheism,
167; his graphic account of a new star,
168; divined the true cause of tides,
352.

Kerguelen's Land, flora of, 563; is desert,
596.

Keswick, rainfalls at, 469. 473.
Ketturin loch, view of, 309.
Khamsin wind, 447.
Killarney, lakes of, 310.
Killicrankie, 659.

Killingworth coal mines, 502.
Kimmeridge clay, the, 726, 727.
Kinderscout, eminence of, 694.
Kingsclere, valley of, illustrated, 650.
Kirby, Rev. Mr., 543.

and Spence's Entomology, 745, 746.
Kirkdale Cavern, fossil bones found in,
251, 252; view of opening to, 252.
Kirkcud right, illustration of rocks at,
655.

Knight, Mr. T. A., 678.

Kofenstein's account of fossils, 635.
Konig, Mr., 721.

Konigsberg in Norway, huge mass of sil-
ver found at, 634.

Koran, mentions the stars as used in na-
vigation, 144.

Kupper scheifer, or copper state of Thu-
ringia, 713.

Labiata, botanical region of the, 560.
Laborde, Count A., 712.
Lacépède, 575. 578.

Lacustrine deposits, 775, 776.
Ladoga, Lake, 318.

Lagoons, what they are, 308; common in
coral isles, 384.

Lakes, chapter on, 308-325; their
characteristics, and origin, 308, 309;
those of primary regions, 109, 110; of
secondary regions, 310; of Britain,
310, 311; of Ireland, 311; of Europe,
&c., 311, 312; lakes without affluents
or outlets, those with outlets and
affluents, and those with affluents, but
without outlets, 312-317; those with
both affluents and outlets, how formed,
317; characteristics of various, 318;
floating islands in, 318-320. 593; fluc-
tuations and changes in, 320, 321; the
American, 321, 322; depth of various,
322; periodical, 322, 323; decrease in,
323, 324; of Wales, 324, 325.
Lalande, M., anecdote of, 158; his cata-
logue of the stars, 158.
Lamartine, M. de, 559.

Lambert, his lofty speculations regard-
ing the universe, 182.
Lamarck, M., 750.

Laminar structure of rocks, 624; forma.
tions, hypothesis of, 658.
Lammermuir hills, the, 662.
Lancaster Sound, 450.
Land changes, interior, chapter on, 407

435; in mountainous regions, 407,
in sandy regions, 421-423; in active
volcanic districts, 423; in inactive vol-
canic regions; after earthquakes, 431;
concluding reflections on, 434, 435.

slips, and mountain slips, their
causes, 408; of Mount Carnans, 408;
of the Rosenberg, 410; of Mont Conto,
410; of les Diablerets, 411; of Mont
Grenier, 411; in the Alleghanies, 420,
421; at Seminaria, 433; view of a,
613; of Mantz hill and Kynaston,

679.

Landes of Bordeaux, 237, 238. 402.
Languedoc, extinct volcanoes of, 417.
Laplace, M., 3; solved the problem left
by Newton and Keppler, 34; eulogises
Flamstead, 37; his estimate of New-
ton's Principia, 38; and of Bradley's
merits, 42; his opinions of temporary
stars, 169; happy illustration of, 188,
189; inferred nebule to be incipient
stars, 191, cited, 436.

Lapland, swarms of insects in, 374; white
bear of, 588.

Latham, Mr. W., his account of some
remarkable atmospheric phenomena,
537, 538.

Latitude of a country much determines
its climates, 458.

Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick, his account
of the Morayshire floods. 416-420; of
Glen Rov, 777.
Lauren, hill of, 649.
Laurentine chapel, Florence, 650.
Lava, streams of, 428. 434.

Lavas, recent and ancient, have the
columnar form, 626, 627.

Lavoisier. M. de, 130. 501.

Lawrence, Mr., his hypothesis of races,
609.

Lawrence, river St., islands of the, 280;
rapids of the, 284; elevation of the
waters of the, 292; their phosphores.
cence, 333, 334.

Lay well, near Torbay, 268.
Lead, where found, 634; black, or plum-
bago, is a carburet of iron, 624.
Lebanon, cedars of, with an illustration,
559, 560.

Leaves, fossil, 631.
Leeuwenhoeck, 577.

Lehman, his classification of rocks. 637.
640.

Leibnitz, first classified rocks, 635.
Lemur, 591

Lepidodendræ, view of fossil, 705
Leschenault, M., 563, 564.

Leslie, Sir John, observations of, 463.
468. 473. 478. 507. 509. 514, 515.
Lessan, M., 991.

"Letters from the Baltic," cited, 506.
Leucous or albinous varieties of human.

kind, 599.

Level of the sea, height of lakes above
the, 317.

Lewis, curved strata in the isle of, 627.
Lias, oolitic group of, 718; of Whithy
and Lyme Regis, 720. 724.

Libra, or constellation of the Balance,
151.

Library, Alexandrian, the, 8, 11; de-
struction of, 17.

Librations of the moon, 80.
Lichens, 551. 563.

Light, action of, 50; zodiacal, 62 ; stel-
lar, tremulous omission or twinkling
of accounted for, 145, 146; its relative
intensity, 146; its transmission through
space, 35.

Lightning, 516; electrical origin of,
517.

Lignite, 738, 739.

Lima, city of, its inhabitants character-

ized, 410; where corn grains first
taken to, 567.

Lime, carbonate of, 623, 624; depth of
strata, where found, 634.
Limestone, mountains of, 614; in Arca.
dia; 616; mountain limestone used in
building the new houses of parliament,
620; intermingling of, with granite,
631; human skeleton found in, 636;
strata, 654-

Lincolnshire, peat mosses of, 770.
Lindley, Dr., 548; his experiments, 706.
Link, M., 714.

Linnæus, observations of, 551, 552, 557.
564, 565, 566. 590, 591. 593. 595. 598.
773.

Lion, the, 589, 590.

Lisbon, earthquake of, 431; its remote
influence, 431.

Lituitis cornuarietus, illustration of the,
671.

Liverpool, prevailing winds at, 450.
Lizard class, animals of the, 579; leth-
argy they are occasionally subject to,
580; general tribes of, 592.
Llama, the, 589, 594.

Llampeter, fossil remains at, 666.
Llandeilo rocks, 669, et al.

Llanos of South America, account of
the, 230, 231. 576. 580, 587.
Loch Dee granite, 649.
Earn, 659.

Katterin, 659.
Leven, view of, 524.
Lomond, 320. 542.
Sunart, 658.

Tav, 659.

Locke, Professor, 672.

Locomotive powers of birds, 582, 183.
Locust, rarticulars of, and its ravages,
573, 574; serve as food in the East,
597.

Logan-stone, the celebrated, 648.
Loire, desc, nt of the river, 281.
Lombard,, plains of, 553.

Lomonosov, a Russian poet, his verses
on the northern lights, 524.
London, annual rain-falls at, 470. 473
anemometer of, 459; climate of, 492;

winters and summers of, 498; built on
tertiary strata, 739.

London basin, illustrated strata of, 741.
Longevity of mankind, 607, 608.
Lonsdale, Mr., 670.

Lophisdon, 745.

Lowerz, lake of, 409, 410.

Lowland, or ground level of Europe,
defined, 223.

Lubec Bay, account of, 773.

Lucretius, citations from, 178. 271. 275.
295. 457.571.615.

Lucrine lake, 403. 405.

Lucullus introduced the cherry-tree,
568.

Ludlow rocks, 669, et al.; site of town
of, 678.

Lunar observations of Flamsted, 37;
influences examined, 86, 87; alleged
malign, 482.

Lunardi, the aeronaut, 437.
Lyell, Charles, his theory of thermal
springs, with an illustrative diagram,
273; his account of the flow of rivers,
283; of the force of river currents, 283;
his summary of losses at sea, 373, 374;
observations at Sheringham, 395; at
Dunwich, 395, 396; on the Rhone, 398;
on the temple of Serapis, 405; on
earthquakes in Chili, 406; on the ab-
sence of heath plants in America, 558;
on the dissemination of plant-seeds,
566, 567; on fish of inland seas, 578;
on stray birds, 583; his principles of
geology, 615, 616; his geological re-
searches, 643. 657. 661. 684. 687. 731.
740. 742, 743. 750, 751. 773. 776. 786.
Lyon, Captain, 528.

Lyons, Gulf of, 450.

Lyra, constellation of, 163.

Macculloch, Dr., his geological observa-
tions. 419. 628, 633. 635, 643. 654, 655.
659.661. 702. 777.783.

Madras, surf at, 350; description of a
monsoon at, 442-444.
Mæander, river of, 282. 398.
Maelstrom of Norway, 367.

Maestricht, mososaurus found near, 735,
736

Magellan's voyage, 'ncident of, 520.
Magnesian limestone, composition and
localities of, 711.

Magnesite or meerschaum, 739.

Magnetic needle, dip of the, 522; varia-
tion of the, 523.

Magnetism is intimately connected with
el-ctricity, 522.

Magnitude of the stars, 164, 165.
Magnolias, region of the, 561.

Mairan, M., his observations on the au-
rora borealis, 528, 529.

Malay islands, 591, 592; race, the, 603,
604.

Malcolmson, Dr., 470. 472.

Malpais, a volcanic district in Mexico,
240.

Malte-Brun, M., 579. 596. 610.
Malvern Hills, the, 628. 645. 680; fatal
storm in the, 520.

Mam Tor Hill, 407, 408.
Mammalia, marine, 578 ; came after
reptiles, 637; class of, 591; list of fos-
sil, 638, 639.

Mammifers, flying, 591.
Mammoth, the, 753, 754.
Man, reflections on his humble and yet
exalted nature, 165; his passiveness
rebuked, 178; his position in nature,
595
animal inferiority and helpless-
ness, 595, 596; numerical distribution
of, 596; his food, 597, 598; varieties of,
599-607; longevity, 607, 608; com-
parison of tribes of, 608, 609; migra-
tions of, 609, 610; fossil remains of,
759.

Manatus Americanus, the, 578.
Mandia lake, description and view of,

226.

Mankind, heedless nature of, 410. 417;
unreasonable selfishness of, 434; adap-
tability of, to climate, 596; classed
by nature of food, 597; by com-
plexion, &c., 599; recent creation of,
783-786.

Mantell, Dr., his geology of Sussex, 388;
his list of strata and their animal re-

mains, 636; his observations on the
perfect preservation of fossil animals,
639, 640; his geological observations,
677. 729, 730, 731. 735, 736.
Marble, statuary, its composition, 660,
661.677.

Marcet, Dr., his analysis of sea-water,
329.

Mareotis, lake of, 397.

Marine plants, 548. 558; alluvium, 772.
Mariners' lights, 520.

Mariotte, M. his experiments, 263.
Maritime or saline plants, 340.

Mark, tower of St., in Venice, view and
particulars of, 521.

Marley Hill, 679.

Marmorice Bay, storm at, 479.

Mars, the planet, 64; his distance from
the sun, 64. 90; once an object of fear,
89; varying distance of, from the
earth, 90; revolution of, round the
sun, 90; diameter, form, and volume
of, 90 physical constitution of, 90;
superficial appearances of, 91; analo-
gies of, with our earth, 91; inclination
of, to the earth, 104; relative density
of, 106.

Marsh or swamp plants, 548, 558.
Marshes and bogs, carburetted hydrogen
exhaled from, 545.

Marsupial animals, family of, 589.
Martial, epigram of, on Vesuvius, 423.
Martigny, on the Upper Rhône, 413-415.
Martineau, Miss, her visit to Niagara
Falls, 290.

Mason Good, Dr., reflections of, 169.
Massachusetts, surface of the State of,

has one quarter unstratified, 635; view
of erratic blocks in, 751.
Mastodon, the fossil, 747. 754, 755.
Matapan, Cape, with Leuctra, view of,
198.

Mather, Dr., 755.
Matlock, 692. 694.

waters, 269.

Matter ejected from Vesuvius, Etna, the
Skepton Yokul, and Hecla, estimated
amount of the, 425, 426.

Matter in the earth's centre, probably in
a state of fusion, 643. ›
Maundrell, 482.

Mauritius, the, 452, 453. 592.
Mavaldi discovers nebulæ, 180.
Mayer's lunar tables, 44.
Meadow or pasture plants, 549.
Mechanical structure of rocks, 624.
Mediterranean Sea, 326; its colour, 331;
its extent, depths, and peculiarities,
346 348; is almost without tides, 357.
404; hot winds in the, 449; waterspouts
in the, 458; flora of the isles of, 560;
fish of the, 577.

Meerschaum, or magnesite, 739.
Megalonyx, the, 758.
Megalosauri, 725.

Megatherium, the, 614. 757, 758; skeleton
of the, 639.

Melanic, or dark-haired races of man-
kind, 599.

Melville Island, register of cold expe-
rienced at, 506; carboniferous forma-
tion in, 515; plants of, 547. 785.
Memnon, head of, 645
Mendip hills, the, 692. 697; section of
the, 698.

Mercury, the planet, 64; his distance
from the sun, 64, 65; is the smallest yet
swiftest planet in our solar system, 64;
its extreme density, 64; length of its
days and nights, 64; inclination of, to
the earth, 104; density of, 106.
Mer de Glace at Montanvert, 341; view
of the, 647.

Meredith, Mrs., her account of a scirocco
at Sydney, 449, 450; of columns of dust
in the air, 457.
Merrimac river, 776.
Mesembryanthema, botanical region of
the, 562.

Messier, M., the "comet-ferret," 119; his
list of nebulæ, 180.
Messina, earthquake of, 433, 434; mirage
between and Reggio, 538.
Metals, the various simple, 623, 624; lo-
calities and extent of the veins of, 633,
634; localities of, in various rocks, 634,
635; but origin of obscure, although

Meyendorff, Baron, 324.

Mica, 592; its nature, and where found,
623; used in Russia for glazing, 625.
644.659.

Mica-schists, 641, 642; formations, 659-
662; illustrated, 658.

Michael's Mount, St., 388.

Michael's, Island of St., boiling fountains

in, 271; its orange trees, 570.
Michaelis, cited by Salverte, 522
Micrometer, its discovery, loss, and re-
discovery, 32.

Microscopic fossil animals, perfect pre-
servation of, 639.

Middle ages, in Europe, a time of astro-
logical delusion, 4.

Middleton Moor quarries, 677.

Migrations of fish, 577; of tortoises, 579;
of saurians, 579; of birds, 583, 584; of
man, 594. 596, 597.

Milan, Duomo of, 661.

Milk Pond, New Jersey, 776.
Milky Way, the, resolved by the elder
Herschel into an infinite number of
stars, 46; of which 50,000 occupied but
two degrees, 159, called by the Greeks
Galaxy, by the Romans, Via Lactea,
159; its position and aspects, 159; was
thought by some ancients to be a dis-
used path of the sun, 160; its true
composition conjectured by modern
astronomers, but first made manifest
by Herschel, 160; theory of the, 160;
diagram of, 161; its superior brilliancy
in the southern heavens, 159. 161;
apparently the outward boundary of
the solar system, 179.

Miller, Mr., his geological observations,
681. 683, 684.

Millstone grit, 691; projection of, illus-
trated, 695.

Milton, the Ptolemaic theory supposed
to be impugned by, 9; his lines on
Galileo's discoveries, 30; on the Milky
Way, 159; on the heavens generally,
192; cited, 267. 278. 291. 530. 532.
785.

Mimosas, their beauty, 555; localities of,
563.

Minasi, Signor, 540.

Mineral springs, various, 276.
Minerals, the various simple, 623, 624.
Mines, high temperature in different
deep, 501, 502; of Cornwall, 633; of
France, 634; of silver, 634; of gold,
634; of copper, 634; of Peru, 634;
usually formed in gneiss, 658.
Mining operations, importance of geolo-
gical science in, 620.

Miocene strata, 641; period, the, 639.
747-749.

Miqué, village of, near Poictiers, appari-
tion of a cross seen at, 541.
Mirage, the, 227. 535; view of a, 536.
Misenum, port, 423.

Mississippi, sources of the river, 282;
varying colour of its waters, 283; its
periodical risings, 294; its width, 302;
course of the, 305, 306: its tributaries,
306; floating island rafts in, 319, 320;
soil in its waters, 372; winds in valley
of the, 450.

Missouri, springs of the, 279, 280; prai-
ries of the, 589.

Mistral, the wind, otherwise Autun, or
Bise, 450.

Mocesamus concentricus, shell of the,
638.

Mole, idle legend regarding the river,
291.
Mollusca, class of, 572; fossil, 637. 665,
666.