FIG. PAGE 1. 187 55. Earlier Stone Age (palæolithic) flint picks or hatchets. 188 189 58. a, Stone spear-head (Admiralty Is.); b, stone spear-head or 191 194 196 61. Ancient bullock-waggon, from the Antonine Column . 62. Corn-crusher, Anglesey (after W. O. Stanley) 199 201 60. Bows 63. Hebrides women griading with the quern or hand-mill (after 64. a, Australian digging-stick; b, Swedish wooden hack. 65. Ancient Egyptian hoe and plough 66. Natives of Lepers' Island (New Hebrides) 67. Hand of Chinese ascetic 68. Botocudo woman with lip- and ear-ornaments 69. a, Australian winder for hand-twisted cord; b, Egyptian woman spinning with the spindle 70. Girl weaving. From an Aztec picture 71. Ancient Nile-boat, from wall-painting, Thebes 72. Bushman drilling fire (after Chapman). 74. Ancient Egyptian Glass-blowing (Beni Hassan) 75. Development of the Harp 77. Mode of calculation by counters and by figures on Abacus 315 78. Rudimentary practical Geometry 318 ANTHROPOLOGY. CHAPTER I. MAN, ANCIENT AND MODERN. Antiquity of Man, 1-Time required for Development of Races, I-of Languages, 7-of Civilization, 13-Traces of Man in the Stone Age, 25-Later Period, 26-Earlier Quaternary or Drift-Period, 29. THE student who seeks to understand how mankind came to be as they are, and to live as they do, ought first to know clearly whether men are new-comers on the earth, or old inhabitants. Did they appear with their various races and ways of life ready-made, or were these shaped by the long, slow growth of ages? In order to answer this question, our first business will be to take a rapid survey of the varieties of men, their languages, their civilization, and their ancient relics, to see what proofs may thus be had of man's age in the world. The outline sketch thus drawn will also be useful as an introduction to the fuller examination of man and his ways of life in the chapters which follow. First, as to the varieties of mankind. Let us suppose ourselves standing at the docks in Liverpool or London, looking at groups of men of races most different from our own. There is the familiar figure of the African negro, with skin so dark brown as to be popularly called black, and black hair so naturally frizzed as to be called woolly. Nor are these the only points in which he is unlike us. Indeed, the white men who blacken their faces and friz their hair to look like negros make a very poor imitation, for the negro features are quite distinct; we well know the flat nose, wide nostrils, thick protruding lips, and, when the face is seen in profile, the remarkable projecting jaws. A hatter would at once notice that the negro's head is narrower in proportion than the usual oval of the hats made for Englishmen. It would be possible to tell a negro from a white man even in the dark by the peculiar satiny feel of his skin, and the yet more peculiar smell which no one who has noticed it is ever likely to mistake. In the same docks, among the crews of Eastern steamers, we observe other well-marked types of man. The Coolie of South India (who is not of Hindu race, but belongs to the so-called hill-tribes,) is dark-brown of skin, with black, silky, wavy hair, and a face wide-nosed, heavy-jawed, fleshylipped. More familiar is the Chinese, whom the observer marks down by his less than European stature, his jaundiceyellow skin, and coarse, straight black hair; the special character of his features is neatly touched off on his native china-plates and paper-screens which show the snub nose, high cheek-bones, and that curious slanting set of the eyes which we can imitate by putting a finger near the outer corners of our own eyes and pushing upward. By comparing such a set of races with our own countrymen, we are able to make out the utmost differences of complexion and feature among mankind. While doing so, it is plain that white men, as we agree to call ourselves, show at least two main race-types. Going on board a merchant-ship from Copenhagen, we find the crew mostly blue-eyed men of fair complexion and hair, a remarkable contrast to the Genoese vessel moored alongside, whose sailors show almost to a man swarthy complexions and lustrous black eyes and hair. These two types of man have been well described as the fair-whites and the dark-whites. It is only within modern times that the distinctions among races have been worked out by scientific methods. Yet since early ages, race has attracted notice from its connexion. with the political questions of countryman or foreigner, conqueror or conquered, freeman or slave, and in consequence its marks have been watched with jealous accuracy. In the Southern United States, till slavery was done away a few years ago, the traces of negro descent were noted with the utmost nicety. Not only were the mixed breeds regularly classed as mulattos, quadroons, and down to octaroons, but even where the mixture was so slight that the untrained eye noticed nothing beyond a brunette complexion, the intruder who had ventured to sit down at a public dinner-table was called upon to show his hands, and the African taint detected by the dark tinge at the. root of the finger-nails. Seeing how striking the broad distinctions of race are, it was to be expected that ancient inscriptions and figures should give some view of the races of man as they were at the beginning of historical times. It is so in Egypt, where the oldest writings of the world appear. More than 4,000 years ago we begin to find figures of the Egyptians themselves, in features much the same as in later times. In the sixth dynasty, about 2,000 B.C., the celebrated inscription of Prince Una makes mention of the Nahsi, or negroes, who were levied and drilled by ten thousands for the Egyptian army. Under the twelfth dynasty, on the walls of the |