Formal religion had its victory. The monarch set the example. The people too willingly followed it. The act of uniformity was passed. It was called "The Bartholomew Act." The unordained were shut out from the performance of ministerial duties. All who sought ecclesiastical preferment must give their assent and consent to all things contained in the Book of Common Prayer. The lawfulness of rebelling against the king and of taking the covenant. must be disowned. Whosoever refused to comply with the terms of this act before Bartholomew's day was declared to be, "Ipso facto," deprived of his living. St. Bartholomew's day, August 23. About two thousand Presbyterian or Independent ministers refused. They were deprived of their livings. Many had already conformed. Of these, Reynolds was raised to the see of Norwich.

The bishops, who had outlived the rebellion, had been advanced to other sees upon the return of Charles II. Juxon was made archbishop of Canterbury. Saunderson was consecrated bishop of Lincoln. Other men of high character were placed in other sees. The clergy who had been expelled from their livings returned; and the property of the church, which had been confiscated by the rebels, was given back to the church. These settlements were made within the first two years after the restoration, from A.D. 1660 to A.D. 1662. Everything seemed to promise peace. The character of Charles first threw a cloud over the bright scene which presented itself. Charles II. was affable and witty. But he was unprincipled and selfish. He was a papist. He was too cowardly to own it. Lord Rochester and the king agreed to write epitaphs each upon the other. Lord Rochester produced the following epitaph upon Charles II. :

"Here lies our sovereign lord the king,
Whose word no man relies on;
Who never said a foolish thing,

And never did a wise one.

Charles II., and his brother the duke of York, afterwards James II., had been, whilst in exile, too much under the influence of the habits of the court of Louis XIV. Charles II., when restored to the English throne, imitated the contempt and disregard for the decencies of life, for which contempt and disregard the court of Louis XIV. had, by Louis' own efforts, obtained an infamous notoriety.

Charles II. had married an infanta of Portugal, but had no issue. He had intercourse with other women. He bestowed upon them and upon his illegitimate children the highest titles. He was always secretly endeavouring to bring in popery, and to make himself an absolute king. His father acted so, because he thought that this absolute condition was his lawful inheritance. Charles II. strove to acquire this absolute power, that he might have unfettered and unquestioned license in the gratification of his sinful passions and appetites, miscalled pleasure.

The duke of York was equally disposed to the same ungodly and unclean living. He was far more

zealous than his brother in promoting the interests of popery. The duke of York married a daughter of the earl of Clarendon, Anne Hyde, by whom he had two daughters, the princesses Mary and Anne. He was afterwards married to a sister of the duke of Moděna. The duke of York was made lord high admiral. He advised his brother to declare war Iwith the united states of Holland. Many naval battles were fought. No decisive advantages were gained. The Dutch admiral, De Ruyter, with the Dutch fleet, sailed up the Thames, burned the ships of war at Chatham, and threatened London, A.D. 1667. Where was Oliver Cromwell?

A.D. 1665.-A plague visited England, and caused the death of upwards of one hundred thousand people in London alone. A bell summoned the inhabitants to bring out their dead, which were thrown into a pit without the performance of any religious ceremony. On one night the drivers of a "dead cart" were terrified by the sound of music which proceeded from their cart, which they had filled with dead bodies. The life of a fellow creature was thus saved. A drunken piper, asleep, had been thrown into the cart among the dead. He awoke and commenced his performances on his pipes, having, perhaps, some notion of the tune which he was endeavouring to play, but certainly having no possible conjecture about his very dangerous circumstances.

A.D. 1666.-A fire visited London, the most extensive fire which had ever visited it. London had then only one bridge. This bridge, and the houses which were built upon it, were consumed by this destructive fire, which had broken out in Pudding-lane. More than thirteen thousand houses, eighty-nine churches, and the cathedral of St. Paul's were consumed. A new city arose on the ruins. "The monument" was erected to commemorate this awful visitation. The king exerted himself in checking the progress of the fire. He set an example of energy and of humanity.

1. Under the agency of Sir William Temple, a treaty, called the "Triple Alliance,' was formed between England, Sweden, and Holland, against the king of France, Louis XIV., who was seeking universal sovereignty in Europe. Charles accepted a pension from Louis during a great part of his reign, whilst he promised to declare himself a member of the church of Rome, and to make war with the united states of Holland.

2. Charles had formed a ministry called "The Cabal." Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale, were the members of this profligate ministry. Buckingham was son of the favourite of Charles I. Ashley was afterwards made earl of Shaftesbury. Charles II. and his "Cabal" were rivals in venality. They all had their price. The result was a second war with Holland. The young Prince of Orange greatly distinguished himself in this war against the king of France. He married Mary, daughter of the duke of York. Her sister Anne was afterwards married to Prince George of Denmark.

A.D. 1678.-Peace was restored. Charles returned to his disgraceful agreement with Louis XIV.

by others.

I cannot find any Scriptural authority for Confirmation, so called.

Confirmation in the Church of Rome is performed thus a blow on the cheek, in token of the necessity for preparation to endure for Christ's sake.

XII. Litany.-An earnest supplication read in the church-in the middle of the church (Joel ii. 17), "between the porch and the altar."

(1). Four bishops complied with James II.'s proclamation or order to read his proclamation in the churches in their dioceses :

a. Durham. Nathaniel Crew. b. Hereford. Herbert Crofts. c. Lincoln. Thomas Barlow. d. Rochester. Thomas Sprat.

"I was then at Westminster school, and heard it read in the Abbey. As soon as bishop Sprat, who was dean, gave order for reading it, there was so great a murmur and noise in the church that nobody could hear him, but before he had finished there were none left but a few prebends in their stalls, the choristers, and Westminster scholars. The bishop could hardly hold the proclamation in his hands for trembling, and everybody looked under a strange consternation."-Note of Lord Dartmouth's in Burnet's Own Times, vol. iii., 218.

"The king's declaration was originally published, April 4, 1687, but was now put forth with a new preface and conclusion, April 27, 1688, stating the determination of the king to support it, the efficient state of the army and navy, and the prosperous condition of the country; and, as if this were not sufficiently exasperating, it was directed by an order of council that it should be read in every parish church."

Archbishop Sancroft consulted his brethren, as many as he could find in London. It was agreed that they should present a petition to the king, signifying their reluctance to distribute and publish the declaration, and professing their readiness to come to some temper with the dissenters. This petition was signed by:

1. Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury. 2. W. Lloyd, bishop of St. Asaph.

3. F. Turner, bishop of Ely.

4. J. Lake, bishop of Chichester.

5. T. Kenn, bishop of Bath and Wells.

6. T. White, bishop of Peterborough. 7. Jonathan Trelawney, bishop of Bristol. Names of bishoprics poorly endowed by Henry VIII. given before: 1. Oxford. 2. Bristol. Peterborough. 4. Chester. 5. Gloucester.--Bishop Short.

3.

Repetition makes the scholar. A review of the past may assist to understand fully the religious and political opinions of James II. when he was labouring so earnestly to bring the kingdom of England under the yoke of Rome. I refer to the first four general councils, or Ecumenical Councils, which pronounced against the upholders of certain opinions considered to be contrary to the received faith of Christ.

2. Council of Trent, A.D. 1545-1563. Trent, a town belonging to Austria, in the Tyrol, 105 miles N.E. of Milan, on the left bank of the Adige. This council was continued during eighteen years.

In the course of this Council of Trent two bishops were seen hanging out of the windows of the houses in which they respectively lodged. Their landlords had gone from home. They returned unexpectedly. They caught them bishops, and hanged them out of their bedroom windows.

The Popes in France, at Avignon, a city in the south-east of France, department Vouclaise, on the left bank of the Rhone, a little above the entrance of the Durance into it, and ninety feet above the sea level.

1. The Council of Augsburg. The confession of Augsburg.

2. The creed of pope Pius IV.-Bp. Burnet on the xxxix. Arts.

The Church of England has a list of eighteen councils. The Church of Rome has a list of eighteen councils. Both Churches maintain the correctness of their lists. The Church of England holds the faith of the first four general councils.

The new creed of pope Pius IV. is an addition to the Nicene Creed, and a summary of the decisions arrived at in the Council of Trent.

I. There are seven sacraments.
II. The Trent doctrine of justification and original

VI. Purgatory.

VII. Invocation of Saints.

VIII. Veneration of Relics.

IX. Worship of Images.

X. The Roman Church to be the mother and mistress of all churches.

XI. Swearing obedience to the Pope. XII. Receiving the decrees of all synods and of Trent. Dr. Barrow. 1.-The Apostles' Creed-date unknown. 2. The Nicene Creed-A.D. 325.

3.-The Athanasian Creed-date unknown. These three Creeds are one in reality. They contain the doctrine of the Trinity: (1) the Father, (2) the Son, and (3) the Holy Ghost. These three persons in the Godhead are distinctly made known to us in the Bible. Their unity is also proved by sure word of holy writ. The Nicene Creed explains the doctrine of the Trinity more fully than the Apostles' Creed explains it. The Athanasian Creed explains the doctrine of the Trinity more fully than the Nicene Creed explains the doctrine of the Trinity. Controversy created the necessity for the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds. These creeds contain the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, and express the faith of all true members of the Church of England. These creeds may be considered as showing the faith of Christians from at least a very early period of the Christian Church's existence.

1.-Relics Seville: Corpus Christi Festival, instituted by Pope Urban IV., A.D. 1064. Observed on the Thursday of the week after Pentecost. The institution was the natural result of the acceptance of the doctrine of transubstantiation. Hildebrand, of Tours (France), was the first who made use of the highsounding term transubstantiation. The following is a list of the relics carried in procession on Corpus Christi day, at Seville, in Spain:

Nine o'clock, a.m., procession :

1.-Vases of gold and silver, on a small stage, moved by one or more men, concealed under the rich drapery which hangs on each side to the ground.

2. A tooth of St. Christopher.

3. An agate cup, used at mass by pope St. Clement, the immediate successor of St. Peter.

IV. The Reformation removed corruptions in doctrine and in manner of living. Error in doctrine produces viciousness in the manner of living. A wish to bring the Church of England back to the state in which it was before the reformation, is originating an effort which many are making even in the nineteenth century of christianity. The house of Stuart made the effort to restore popery. Mary Stuart, in the sixteenth century; her son, his son and his sons, the grandsons of James I., and the great-grandsons of Mary Stuart, in the seventeenth century. The utmost contempt was poured out, by Providence, upon their secret, as well as upon their open efforts to undo the work of the Reformation and to bring back Popery. The last effort was made by James II. He failed most miserably. "So let all thine enemies perish, O Lord; but let them who love (thee) be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might."-Judges v. 31.

When Charles II. died a council was held. In that council James II. made his declaration in favour of the maintenance of the Church of England as established by law. He did not act according to his declaration. The signs of his intended conduct were soon displayed. He went publicly to mass, and did not put in force the laws against popery. The Earl of Castlemaine was his ambassador at Rome. The pope did not countenance the excessive imprudence of the conduct of the king. The pope received Lord Castlemaine with coldness. A nuncio was sent from Rome to London. He did not at first openly appear in his character as nuncio. The Court and all parts of London were thronged by monks, clad in the habits of their respective orders. All hope of better things from James II. now ceased. The king claimed the power of dispensing, by his own act, with the execution of all laws.

The enemies of James II. had, in the last reign, made the duke of Monmouth his rival. They now formed a rebellion, in which the duke of Monmouth raised his standard against his uncle. The earl of Argyle, long an exile, landed in Scotland to assist the duke of Monmouth. He was taken, conveyed to the Castle of Edinburgh, and was thence led to execu

The duke of Monmouth was taken. He had some peas in his pockets. Such food had been his diet for several days previously. His troops had dispersed on the approach of the royal arms. The duke of Monmouth was beheaded on Tower Hill. The people deeply regretted his loss. He was their favourite.

The famous, or infamous, Judge Jeffries, soon afterwards made Lord Chancellor, was sent into the west. In all the trials in the court in which he sat as Judge, he conducted himself with very great disrespect to the ordinary feelings of human nature. More than two hundred and fifty prisoners were executed with

unsparing severity. Vast numbers were sent as slaves to the plantations. James II. always spoke of this as Jeffries' campaign.

The king was elated by his success in suppressing the rebellion of the duke of Monmouth. He threw off all disguise, and openly acted on the principle of bringing back popery. The army and the highest offices in the state James filled with papists. He now attacked the church and the universities. Magdalene College, Oxford, was the scene of his tyranny. Mr. Hough, the president, and twenty-five fellows, were expelled from the university. King James commanded the fellows to elect Mr. Anthony Farmer, a man of dissolute character, as their president. They disobeyed the command. Mr. Hough was afterwards bishop of Worcester. The fellows having refused to elect Mr. A. Farmer, elected Mr. Hough as their president. This was the fault on account of which James expelled Mr. Hough and the fellows who elected him.

James ordered the seven bishops who refused to read his proclamation in their churches to be arrested, and sent to the Tower. When they entered the Tower they hastened to the chapel. The second lesson was 2nd Cor. vi. The fourth verse was felt by all present to be applicable: "In all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, in stripes, in imprisonments." All remembered that a similar coincidence had given consolation to Charles I. at the time of his death, nearly forty years before. See Lord Macaulay, History of England. Refer to Matthew xxvii.

The bishops were tried. They were acquitted. In the camp at Hounslow the king was dining in the tent of Lord Feversham. He heard shouting, and inquired the cause. He was informed that it was nothing but the acclamation of the people at the acquittal of the bishops. "Call you that nothing?" said the king. "But so much the worse for them."

A Prince of Wales was born, June 10, A.D. 1688. All people felt that the time was come when they must strike for freedom, or suffer the liberties of England to be lost.

The grandson of Charles I., as well as the son-inlaw of James II., was William, Prince of Orange. He was the Stadtholder and chief officer of the government of the Dutch provinces. He had been unsuccessful in opposition to the arms of Louis XIV., but conquered by being defeated. An invitation was sent to the Prince of Orange, and a request that he would assist in the preserving of the religion and laws of our land from the dangers which threatened them.

Everything was prepared for the arrival of the Prince of Orange before James knew that his people were estranged from him. When he understood his real condition he made efforts to conciliate. The efforts came too late. William landed at Torquay, November 4, 1688. He was joined by the principal persons in the kingdom. The princess Anne was The king was told of her flight.

amongst them.

He exclaimed, "God help me! Mine own children are forsaking me."

James endeavoured to escape from the kingdom. He was recognised at Feversham, and was brought back to London. The people were glad to see him. William ordered him to reside at Rochester (in Kent). From this town James escaped to France. He was cordially received by Louis XIV. The palace of St. Germains was assigned to James as a residence by the kind hospitality of the French king, Louis XIV. What can be more contemptible than the condition of James II. when he was ordered by William to reside at Rochester?

Dr. Burnet was with the Prince of Orange on the continent; on his voyage to England; and when they landed at Torquay, as was expected. Dr. Burnet is represented as having addressed the Prince of Orange in a manner of joyful congratulation, and saying, "Now, did I not tell to you that all would be right?"

Dr. Burnet was made bishop of Sarum (Salisbury). The removal of James II., and the introduction of William III., is known in English history as the English Revolution. It was a bloodless revolution.

V. William III., Mary II.—William III. was born at the Hague, in S. Holland; German, Hoag; French, La Hage; Dutch, St. Gravenhage. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. William III. and Mary II. reigned together five years, from A.D. 1689 to A.D. 1694. Mary was born at St. James's Palace, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. William III., a widower, alone, reigned eight years, from A.D. 1694 to A.D. 1702. The archbishops of Canterbury were John Tillotson, A.D. 1691 to 1694; Thomas Tenison, A.D. 1694 to A.D. 1715.

William was, in his manners, cold, phlegmatic, and reserved. His manner was in direct opposition to the manner of Charles II. The people loved the manner of Charles II. They hated the manner of

William III.

(a.) "The Bill of Rights" was assented to by William, and became the law of the land. The Whigs regulated the concerns of the state. The earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Danby, and John Somers were the chief men in this Whig administration. Danby, minister to Charles II., and impeached in Charles II.'s reign, was made Duke of Leeds. Somers was afterwards made Earl Somers and Lord Chancellor.

The bishops were not of one mind in the revolution. The oath of allegiance to James II. had been taken. How can they nullify that oath? Amongst those who refused to take the oath of allegiance to William III. were some of the men who refused to read the declaration of James II., and who had gone to the Tower rather than yield to James. These were called "Non-juring Bishops."

The non-juring bishops were:

1. Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury. 2. Lloyd, bishop of Norwich.

3. Turner, bishop of Ely.

4. Frampton, bishop of Gloucester. 5. Kenn, bishop of Bath and Wells. 6. White. bishop of Peterborough.

These men were deprived. But Thomas, bishop of Worcester, and Lake, bishop of Chichester, died before they could be deprived. They were also nonjurors.

Non-juring bishops and non-juring incumbents were deprived of their livings. They refused to take the oath of allegiance to William III., and were, therefore, called non-jurors.

Dr. Tillotson was made archbishop of Canterbury. Dr. Burnet was made bishop of Salisbury. People have formed different opinons respecting Dr. Burnet. The end of all these opinions may be, that Dr. Burnet lived and died " an honest man.' ""

A Scottish Convention settled the crown of England on William and Mary. Lord Dundee headed an insurrection in favour of James II. Dundee that is, Graham of Claverhouse-gained a victory at the battle of Killicrankie, but lost his life. His troops dispersed.

Episcopacy ceased to be recognised by the state in Scotland. The Presbyterian system was the system of religious worship in Scotland; and the houses of worship, cathedrals and popish churches, were put into the hands of the Presbyterians. Such has remained the state of things to the present day.

William III., in his not-very-fortunate course of war, succeeded, even by his defeats and crosses, in overthrowing the designs of Louis XIV. on the continent and in England. He allowed the lovers of liberty to breathe freely.

Episcopacy struggled to maintain itself in Scotland. It exists in the voluntary system.

William III. too hastily signed a paper to exterminate "that set of thieves," as he denominated the family of McDonald, in the valley of Glencoe. McDonald's hereditary enemies had the execution of this foul deed committed to them. The party came as friends, and for fifteen days enjoyed the hospitality of McDonald. At the close of this term of hospitality commenced the massacre of McDonald and his family. Men, women, and children were butchered with a cruelty which knew no remorse. McDonald was shot in the arms of his wife, who died in a state of distraction.

William was opposed in Ireland. The aboriginal inhabitants of Ireland have retained their allegiance to the pope. The English Calvinists in Ireland have always supported the reformed religion of England. "I am a Mahometan," is a confession of faith in Turkey. "I am a Roman Catholic," is a confession of faith in Ireland. But "I am a Protestant," is a confession of faith in Ireland which places the confessor in a state of hostility with the aboriginal or native Irish, and exposes him to the hatred which the native bears to the uninvited and conquering settler.

Allegiance to the pope proves the true aboriginal

Irishman.

The Protestantism which rejects allegiance to the pope (for this is the meaning of Protestantism), is the badge of the Irish settler-that is, of the English, or Welsh, or Scotch settler in Ireland. The aboriginal

Irish acknowledged as their king James II., who landed at Kinsale, E. Riding, Co. Cork, and 13 miles S.S.W. Cork, Ireland, March 12, 1689.

In Ulster, the English and other Protestant colonists resisted the authority of the popish tyrant James II. Londonderry has rendered itself famous for its sufferings in the siege which James II. had carried on to reduce the inhabitants to obedience. At length a supply of provisions arrived from England. James was compelled to raise the siege.

William came into Ireland with an army composed for the most part of Dutch troops. James II., from a neighbouring eminence, witnessed the battle of the Boyne, A.D. July 1, 1690. The Boyne rises in the bog of Allen, co. Kildare. Its course is N.E., through Trim, Navan, Slane, and Drogheda (pronounced Draw-ed-a) to the Irish Sea, which it enters four miles east of Drogheda. This war in Ireland was ended by the reduction and by the treaty of Limerick, A.D. 1691. Twelve thousand aboriginal Irish, true subjects of the Pope, went into France. Louis XIV. received them. They became his hired soldiers.

William III., throughout his reign, opposed Louis XIV., and was continually engaged in wars in Flanders. James, by the aid of Louis, had collected a great fleet. It was defeated in the great battle of La Hogue, A.D. 1692. William succeeded in taking the city of Namur (in Belgium) in the face of a French army, consisting of one hundred thousand men. The fame of William rose with his successes. The peace of Ryswick was concluded A.D. 1697. Ryswick is a village in Holland, near to the Hague, the royal residence. The village of Ryswick is celebrated for the peace of 1697.

this war.

Money was systematically borrowed by the English parliament to discharge the expenses incurred by Thus the national debt, on the increase continually, had its origin, and has its date, A.D. 1697. Perhaps the increase of the national debt may be checked, and perhaps the amount of the debt may lessened.

be

The queen (Mary) had died, A.D. 1694. The king (William) was childless. The princess Anne was, by law, heiress to the crown of England. Anne had been the mother of several children. All were dead except the duke of Gloucester. But he too paid the last debt to nature. Therefore some legislative measure must again provide for the succession to the crown of England.

Sophia, the electress of Hanover, daughter of the queen of Bohemia, and grand-daughter of James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, was a Protestant, and, therefore, not disqualified by her religion. The Act of Settlement was passed, which settled the crown of England upon this princess, and upon her descendents, upon the condition that they should not be members of the Church of Rome.

Charles IV. of Spain had died without issue. The chief competitors for the throne were Charles, archduke of Austria; and Philip, grandson of the French king, Louis XIV. Both competitors were descended from daughters of the royal house of Spain. The