Senator PELL. Thank you very much indeed, Dr. Weiss, for being with us. I think your testimony is valuable. I agree with what you are seeking to do here.

My job is to try to see that the possible moves ahead. Sometimes the possible is not the ideal. I would hope perhaps that in Geneva there will be more steps taken along these lines. From the viewpoint of securing a change in our own Government, I would think it would be unlikely at this time.

I am very glad that we have gotten as far as we have.

Thank you very much for being with us.

This meeting is hereby adjourned.

[Thereupon, at 4:15 p.m., the committee adjourned subject to the call of the Chair.]

APPENDIX

[S. Res. 281, 92d Cong., 2d sess.]

RESOLUTION Expressing the sense of the Senate that the United States Government should seek the agreement of other governments to a proposed treaty prohibiting the use of any environmental or geophysical modification activity as a weapon of war, or the carrying out of any research or experimentation with respect thereto

Whereas there is vast scientific potential for human betterment through environmental and geophysical controls; and

Whereas there is great danger to the world ecological system if environmental and geophysical modification activities are not controlled or if used indiscriminantly; and

Whereas the development of weapons-oriented environmental and geophysical modification activities will create a threat to peace and world order; and Whereas the United States Government should seek agreement with other governments on the complete cessation of any research, experimentation, or use of any such activity as a weapon of war: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate that the United States Government should seek the agreement of other governments to the following treaty providing for the complete cessation of any research, experimentation, and use of any environmental or geophysical modification activity as a weapon of war: "The Parties to this Treaty,

"Recognizing the vast scientific potential for human betterment through environmental and geophysical controls,

"Aware of the great danger to the world ecological system of uncontrolled and indiscriminate use of environmental and geophysical modification activities,

"Recognizing that the development of weapons-oriented environmental and geophysical modification techniques will create a threat to peace and world order,

"Proclaiming as their principal aim the achievement of an agreement on the complete cessation of research, experimentation, and use of environmental and geophysical modification activities as weapons of war, "Have agreed as follows:

"ARTICLE I

“(1) The States Parties to this Treaty undertake to prohibit and prevent, at any place, any environmental or geophysical modification activity as a weapon of war;

"(2) The prohibition in paragraph 1 of this article shall also apply to any research or experimentation relating to the development of any such activity as a weapon of war;

"(3) The State Parties to this Treaty undertake not to assist, encourage or induce any States to carry out activities referred to in paragraph 1 of this article and not to participate in any other way in such actions.

"ARTICLE II

"In this Treaty, the term 'environmental or geophysical modification activity' includes any of the following activities:

"(1) any weather modification activity which has as a purpose, or has as one of its principal effects, a change in the atmospheric conditions over any part of the earth's surface, including, but not limited to, any activity designed to increase or decrease precipitation, increase or suppress hail, lightning, or fog, and direct or divert storm systems;

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"(2) any climate modification activity which has as a purpose, or has as one of its principal effects, a change in the long-term atmospheric conditions over any part of the earth's surface;

(33)

"(3) any earthquake modification activity which has as a purpose, or has as one of its principal effects, the release of the strain energy instability within the solid rock layers beneath the earth's crust;

"(4) any ocean modification activity which has as a purpose, or has as one of its principal, effects, a change in the ocean currents or the creation of a seismic disturbance of the ocean (tidal wave).

"ARTICLE III

"Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties shall be held at Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realized. Such review shall take into account any relevant technological developments in order to determine whether the definition in Article II should be amended.

"ARTICLE IV

"1. Any Party may propose an amendment to this Treaty. The text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments which shall circulate it to all Parties to this Treaty. Thereafter, if requested to do so by one-third or more of the Parties, the Depositary Governments shall convene a conference to which they shall invite all the Parties, to consider such amendment.

"2. Any amendment to this Treaty shall be approved by a majority of the votes of all the Parties to this Treaty. The amendment shall enter into force for all Parties upon the deposit of instruments of ratification by a majority of all the Parties.

"ARTICLE V

"1. This Treaty shall be of unlimited duration.

"2. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty three months in advance.

"ARTICLE VI

"1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign this Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.

"2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the United States of America, and which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

"3. This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty.

"4. For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratificaion or accession.

"5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification of and accession to this Treaty, the date of its entry into force, and the date of receipt of any requests for conferences or other notices. "6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations."

25TH PUGWASH CONFERENCE "DEVELOPMENT, RESOURCES AND WORLD SECURITY" MADRAS, INDIA, JANUARY 13-19, 1976

(Paper Prepared for Working Group Agenda, Topic 5(e))

PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL WARFARE: WEATHER AND CLIMATE MODIFICATION, THE EVOLUTION OF AN R. & D. PROGRAM INTO A WEAPON SYSTEM

(By Milton Leitenberg)

"Use of satellite and sounding rocket data to develop a mathematical map of Brazil's atmosphere in the hopes of gaining knowledge that will permit

Brazil, by seeding or other methods, to initiate basic climatological changes, particularly in areas of the nation that experience heavy rainfalls over a short span of time followed by prolonged dry periods. Data on which to base the model are being collected by the CTA institute from both U.S. satellite and Brazilian sounding rockets." [1]

"Now Hercules does something about the weather.

"High-altitude weather reporting is rapidly assuming a new strategic significance. Last-minute reports of the weather along the route of an airborne task force or of the cloud cover above the target of an amphibious assault can add immeasurably to the nation's ability to contain brush fire wars on a worldwide basis. To meet this need, the Air Weather Service of Military Air Transport Service is now operating five WC-130s-the new weather bird version." [2] "Officials say current Pentagon research is limited to rainmaking, rain suppression, and hail and fog dispersal. The latter is useful in controlling flying weather.

"The Soviets claim their weather research is only for peaceful purposes-a claim the Pentagon calls 'largely propagandistic.' A spokesman says the Soviets are conducting extensive work on weather alteration which could be used in military operations." [3]

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'Weather Modification-India's new weapon'

India will soon enter

the exciting new world of weather modification, which seeks in the long run to control weather and tailor it to man's needs." [4]

"If Your Country Needs Water

For Agriculture

For Power Generation

For Municipal Use

For Forestry

"Get the full facts on Cloud Seeding for Water Production with WECOA's Exclusive New Weathercord" [5]

It was requested that I prepare a paper on "Problems of Environmental Warfare," item 5(e) on the Agenda for the Working groups at the 25th Pugwash Conference in Madras.

I have decided to restrict myself to one aspect of "environmental warfare," weather and climate modification. I further decided to use it as an example of the way in which the government context and decisions regarding a specific R. & D. program, with overlapping civic utilities, evolve it into an operational weapon system. I felt it more useful, rather than to make general hypothetical statements about the possibility of causing earthquakes or of melting the polar ice-cap some time far off in the future, to describe a process of the here and now.

THE STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS

On August 21 the United States and the Soviet Union submitted a draft 9-article treaty to the GCD to outlaw weather or other environmental modification as a weapon. [6] The proposed treaty would prohibit nations from engaging in "military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long lasting, or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to another state." All the ratifying nations would also be committed "not to assist, encourage or induce any state, group of states or international organization to engage in such activities." The joint provisional agreement was stimulated by several U.S. Senate Hearings, [7, 8] and by a July 1973 U.S. Senate resolution "calling upon the U.S. government to seek the agreement of other governments to a treaty prohibiting the use of any environmental or geophysical modification activity as a weapon of war, or carrying out any research or experimentation directed thereto." [9] More directly the draft treaty grew out of the joint US-USSR statement issued on July 3, 1974 at one of the SALT summit meetings between Soviet Party Secretary Brezhnev and U.S. President Nixon, in which the two countries indicated that they would initiate discussions on the subject. The draft treaty was presented to the GCD in the last week of its 1975 session, and will therefore be taken up at its Spring 1976 session.

Unfortunately, there were a series of crucial ambiguities both in the July 1974 joint US-USSR statement, and in the 1975 draft treaty. It developed that the official use of the phrase "climate modification" meant something different from "weather modification," ". . . the distinction is that climate modification is a long term permanent effect; weather modification is a short term temporary effect." This distinction is used in the relevant scientific community, and it was made clear in official U.S. testimony that the choice of words in the joint 1974