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The Doctrine of the Sacred Scripture explains that the Word we now possess is written in four styles. The first is by pure Correspondences thrown into an historical series; of this character are the first eleven chapters of Genesis. The second is the historical, consisting of true historical facts, but containing a spiritual sense. The third is the prophetical. The fourth is that of the psalms, between the prophetical style and common speech. It is the Divine sense within the letter that constitutes the holiness of the Bible.

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HE wise teacher to whom we look for guidance in such matters as we are now discussing tells us that the human form is the universal type, and that all things, whether taken individually or in combination, whether in the spiritual world or in the world of nature, are assimilated to it.

As an instance of this likeness, take a family with the arrangements right order requires, authority, control, and direction from the master and mistress on one side, obedience, labour, and fidelity from the servants on the other. The immediate suggestion is that the former represents the head, and the latter the hands; for while those provide and plan, these execute, hewing the wood, drawing the water, cleansing the dwelling, and fetching or taking in the daily supplies from the grocer, the butcher, and the baker. What, then, should be the relation to each other between these two powers? Not that of opposition surely, but one of complete co-operation. As the head of the individual man despises not the hand by which his purposes are effected, and the hand aspires not to the office of the head, but instead of this rivalry both act together in harmonious unity, so for peace and comfort to all must it lie in the family. Kindly consideration each for the other must be the prevailing feeling, and mutual benefit the object in view. Where servants are envious of their employers, unobservant of their wishes, and disposed to do as little as possible for their remuneration, that family cannot but be the scene of much discomfort and uneasiness. On the other hand, if the servants, the family-helpers and hands, are looked down upon as inferior beings, and regarded as owing all fealty in honesty, all use in act, to the other members of that family, but as having no claim upon those other members either to thought for their temporal good or to care for their spiritual welfare, we may be certain that something there is radically wrong in judgment, something egregiously defective in justice, to the utter marring of the blessed peace that should make of every home a heaven.

From the family we may turn to the establishment of a manufacturer, and consider the relations existing between. the employer and his hands. See how in the common name given to the workmen the idea of correspondence crops out. Here, indeed, comes in the question of capital and labour, only other terms, by the by, for head and hands. It is only by the harmonious operation of both that success can attend any enterprize; distress and ruin must follow their continued antagonism. How, then, should the employer treat the employed? They are the only means by which his power, whether of mind or purse, can be exerted. They do his bidding; they turn his plans and purposes into realities; they work out. the thoughts and inventions his mind originates in productions of use and pleasure for society. Surely he will recognise the fact that their interests and his own are one; and doing so, there will be no hesitation in acknowledging their merits, no niggardliness in his payments for their labour, no haughty assumption towards them, either collectively or individually, of superiority as to position or ability. These in their turn, as hands obedient to the supreme will, must not usurp the place of the head, but cheerfully accomplish to the full their appointed duty, and give all due honour and respect to the source whence are derived the motive power of their

labour and the sinews of their strength. Reciprocal benefits must be sanctified by mutual esteem and goodwill. The master's wish will be to make his men fair sharers in his prosperity should that be permitted to him; and they on their part will indulge no envious feeling, and if misfortune should overtake their employer, will not refuse their heartfelt sympathy.

Carry now the idea a little further and we have the nation before us, still in the human form, government and rulers generally as the head, the workmen and the workwomen as the hands. Do not these working people truly deserve the name of the hands of society, and all the honour, too, that belongs to world-wide usefulness? It would indeed be difficult to tabulate the results of the labour, the ingenuity, and the perseverance of the workmen of England. Every material that the earth yields, or vegetables furnish, or animals supply, bears testimony to the skill and industry of English hands. They provide for the growth of grain and root and fruit, and prepare for us varieties without number of nutritious and palatable food. They dig the coals from the mine, and pile them on. our hearths. They extract the all-useful iron from the heavy clod, and mould it into a thousand forms of use and elegance. They give to dull clay and rough marble shapes of beauty and colours of the rainbow. They transform wood and wool, fur and feathers, flax and hemp, cotton and silk, into all manner of things for ornament and use, persevering in their toil from dawn to nightfall, and from year to year, thus ensuring not only luxuries for the few, but comfort for the million, and necessaries in rich abundance for all. They build our houses and churches, they make our highways and railroads, they drive our locomotives, and they navigate our ships as they brave the tempests of all seas and carry our surplus productions to the remotest corners of the earth.

One can scarcely believe that till within a period comparatively recent to the classes which have thus ministered to the wants of society, and whose industry has been one main cause of our pre-eminence among the nations of the earth, such epithets, always uttered contemptuously, as the CANAILLE, the great unwashed, the lower classes, the common people, the vulgar crowd, etc., should have been applied. We need not wonder, in view of the feelings towards them indicated by such expressions, and of the want of all cultivation for their minds, that combinations should have been formed amongst them for protection against oppression real or fancied, or for the securing of what they regarded as their own particular interests. In late years, however, a change has come for the better, both as to the estimation in which the workers in the lower walks of life are held, and in the treatment of them by the governing classes. Legislation has been active on their behalf. dwellings have been improved; modes of ventilation have been studied for their sake; baths and washhouses have been established; and sanitary measures, in drainage and otherwise, have been widely adopted. The laws have recognised them as freemen, having as strong and personal an interest in the right government of the land as their wealthier countrymen. and picture-galleries have been thrown open to them; lectures on science and art, and libraries and newsrooms, have become easily accessible; and now, too, the State insists that the children of this once-despised portion of our people (the infant hands that are to develop into future power and energy) shall receive such an education as, not unfitting them, we trust, for holding the plough, or handling the spade, or wielding the hammer, or throwing the shuttle, shall open for them, if to any come

Their

Museums

the genius and courage to pursue it, the path to higher stations in life, where they may be called to labours that need intellect more than bodily strength, and contribute by wise counsel and moral influence rather than by hand labour to social progress and power. This course of action is pleasant to contemplate, and we necessarily keep attention awake to observe the results that time will bring. We cherish the hope that in this our happy land governors and governed, thinkers and workers, head and hand of the social body, shall act in so just and friendly a unison that peace, prosperity, and happiness shall be the heritage we leave to posterity, and England shall still remain, for equal laws, well-ordered liberty, and Christian brotherhood, an example to the world.

And now looking away from this island to the world, of which it forms as to size so insignificant a portion, what further thoughts may arise in connection with our subject? In every part of the globe England has planted her colonies or established her power. All the most prominent points and headlands, all the largest and bestsituated islands, all the most desirable seas and straits, nay, even large portions of the great continents she holds in her hands and rules by her laws. Spain found out America, but the British race now people it. Portugal first sailed to Good Hope Cape, but the sons of England now dwell and prosper there. Australia and its dependencies acknowledge England's sway, and famed India itself is a bright gem in her crown. As a queen she sits on Gibraltar's rock and dominates the entrance to the land-locked sea; for merchant traffic she builds her storehouses at Singapore, and traverses the neighbouring waters; and on the far-distant edge of the broad Pacific, Vancouver's Island and Columbia testify of England's far-reaching power.

Moreover, what people is there among whom the labour of the hands and the enterprizing spirit, which goes forth far and wide to distribute and to gather, have been so remarkable as in England? Her productions, as already stated, are infinite in quantity and variety; and there is scarce a nation on the globe that does not possess articles of British manufacture; for every land has been visited by the British merchant, who has also brought thence its natural or artificial produce for the enrichment of his native country.

Do we not see in this widespread dominion, in this commercial enterprize, in this putting forth of the hands. to give and to receive, the correspondence in the outer world of the far-seeing intellect, the indomitable will, and the spiritual energy resulting from their union, which characterize our nation?

Fears have been felt and forebodings expressed recently, in our leading journals and elsewhere, that England has at length attained the climax of her power and glory, and that henceforth her fate will be to decline and be outstripped by other nations. Well, we know not what Providence has in store for us; but as yet there does not seem to be much evidence of Old England's decadence. world is here and there waking up to more active exertion, and if one people especially, as has been asserted of the Germans, does seem in some portions of the globe to be rivalling us in the commercial enterprise and prosperity which were once entirely our own, are we to be jealous of their success, and repine at their advancement? If they have the qualities that deserve success, should we not rejoice that they thus employ them, and aid rather than discourage their worthy efforts? For the precepts to love the neighbour as one's self, and to do as we would be done by, are they for individuals only, and not also for the nations? And those same Germans must have sterling stuff in their composition, for they can strike a blow in

defensive fight as well as prosecute the arts of peace. Witness their recent smiting down of a neighbouring people, whose armed hand was suddenly stretched out against them. Should we not be glad if that people, brave and warlike to a fault, yet so smitten to the dust, should see in the blasting of the arm, on which they especially prided themselves, in that unexpected and bitter prostration, a lesson of Providence to teach them the vanity of war's brightest glories, and to lead them to beat the sword into the ploughshare, and the spear into the pruning-hook? Should we begrudge them their new glories, fruit of peaceful industry, in case the harvests of their warmer soil were more abundant than those yielded by our northern lands, if their colonies settled beside ours on islands and capes yet unoccupied, and if their ships sailed on parallel lines with English argosies, carrying goodwill and material blessings to the four quarters of the globe? No, is the instant answer, surely, to such questioning; for we see more clearly every day the value of the spirit of charity that bears and forbears, and gives more freely than it takes; and that as between man and man a hard word or a clubbed fist embitters old enmities, while a warm grasp of the hand goes far towards annihilating them, so it is between nations and peoples. England, for centuries in the van of progress, can afford to be both just and generous to all, and may well be the first to welcome the signs of growth in other countries towards a more settled industry, and the attainment of nobler conquests than war can bring.

While England fills her hand with temporal goods and distributes them freely over the world, she has a better gift still to offer, even the Word of Truth itself. As she carries this with her in her hand to lands near or distant, let her be the first and foremost not only to show her estimation of that Divine Word intellectually, but also to embody in her intercourse with the nations its righteous precepts, and manifest in all her transactions the unselfish spirit it so constantly enjoins.

One more thought to close with and leave behind on our minds some fitting impression, not only of the value of the hand as an organ of power, but also of the responsibility that attaches to the employment of it and of all our faculties for good or for evil, all through this life of time as the embryo of the life eternal. In No. 463 of the H. H. we are told that "when a man's actions are discovered to him after death, the angels, whose duty it is to make the inquisition, look into his face, and extend their examination through the whole body, beginning with the fingers of each hand. "I was surprised," says Swedenborg, "at this, and the reason of it was therefore explained to me. Every particular of man's thought and will are inscribed on the brain, for their beginnings are there. They are also inscribed on the whole body; because all things of the thought and will proceed thither from their beginnings, and there terminate as in their ultimate. The signification of man's book of life is now evident, namely, that all his actions and all his thoughts. are inscribed on the whole man, and appear, when called forth from the memory, as though they were read from a book!" Upon this no comment is necessary.

An inference, however, may be permitted; and I cannot better express it than in the closing words of a little book, called the "Five Gateways of Knowledge," a book full of suggestive thought and right feeling, which will well repay the trouble of perusal. The writer says, "What cannot the hand do? What has it not done? A steam-engine is but a larger hand made by this little The electric telegraph is but a long pen for the hand to write with at a distance. Ah, rifle guns and huge cannon and devastation monsters, what are these

one.

but a Cain's hand, made bigger, stronger, bloodier, to slay our brethren! What, moreover, are ships, rails, lighthouses, palaces, cities, nay, the globe itself, as man has changed it, but the work of that giant hand, with which the human race, as one man, has executed its will! Thinking of what the hand of man has wrought since it was put forth to pluck the forbidden fruit to the present time, I lift my hand to gaze on it with wonder. What an instrument for good! What a power for evil! There is no implement it cannot wield, and in working hours. it should never be without one. We restrict the term Handicraftsman to laborious callings, but unwisely so. It is a title all honest earnest men and women may covet. For the Queen's hand there is the sceptre, with a host of duties to discharge; for the soldier's the sword, when the cause is a just one; for the carpenter's the saw; for the smith's the hammer; for the farmer's the plough; for the miner's the pickaxe; for the sailor's the oar and the cordage; for the painter's the brush; for the sculptor's the chisel; for the poet's the pen; for the women's some of these, and all those various implements, the needle the chief, which serve in productions for personal use and adornment, and for comfort and elegance in household arrangements. If none of these, or of things like them, fit us, the felon's chain should be round our wrist and our hand on the prisoner's crank, for to one and all cometh this command, "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might." R. A.

DIVINE TRUTH THE BLOOD OF MAN'S SPIRITUAL ORGANIZATION.

(LEVITICUS Xvii. 11.)

HE subject chiefly spoken of in this verse occurs so frequently, and with such solemn circumstances, in the Divine Word, in both Old and New Testaments, and has moreover, as we believe, been so generally and grossly misunderstood, that it may well engage for a brief time our most earnest thoughts. And may He in whose light alone we can ever see light, and whose Divine blood alone affords means of redemption from evil, and salvation unto life eternal, open our eyes that we may rightly behold the wonderful things embodied in this portion of His law.

And, firstly, let us endeavour to get a clear idea of the literal meaning of the text, of the significance which it would assume in the judgment of the externally-minded Jews to whom it was originally addressed. They had no thought of anything spiritual in connection with it. Life and immortality not yet having been brought to light, the term soul here used conveyed to their minds no higher notion than that of natural life; and they regarded the blood mentioned in the text as a sign or covenant that God had forgiven the evils of this natural life, and that they should escape those temporal penalties of war, pestilence, and famine, which alone they feared, and enjoy the equally natural blessings of long life, peace, and worldly prosperity, which were the only rewards they coveted. Starting, therefore, from this utterly superficial idea as a basis, and remembering the great truth that "the law had a shadow of good things to come" (Heb. x. 1), and that all its outward ceremonies were representative of the vital and inward essentials of the Church and heaven, let us see whether we can find any corresponding spiritual interpretation which may assist us to understand other portions of the Scriptures where blood is mentioned, and to find in them and in our text instruction which, if rightly employed, may make us wise unto salvation.

"The life of the flesh is in the blood." This is a physiological truth of the very first importance. The very substances by which our bodies are built up and maintained exist primarily in the blood. This contains every particle of nutriment supplied in our food and drink, and carries to each portion of the frame just the amount and kind of support which its necessities require. The active blood, circulating in the animal body, resembles the rivers, canals, railways, and roads-with the various ships and conveyances which traverse them-of the body politic. All the resources of a people are borne to their destinations by means of these facilities of transport. The products of foreign countries, the growth of our native soil, the coal and iron of our own mines, the manufactured results of home skill and industry, are distributed by these agencies wherever they are wanted, and the whole country enjoys a common wealth of necessary and luxurious supply. In like manner, though with yet greater perfection and completeness, the blood receives all the essentials of life, and conveys them wherever they are needed. The substances required to form bone or muscle, nerve or membrane, all exist in its marvellously compounded stream, and by its ceaseless circulation are continually borne to the parts which want them. Thus if the movement of the blood be checked, or if it be envenomed by poison, swift death is the inevitable result. "For the life of the flesh is in the blood."

And now, lifting our minds from the natural body, with its complicated organism of earthly materials, to the spiritual constitution of man, made yet more fearfully and wonderfully of affections and thoughts, passions and aspirations, what is there, we ask, which stands in the same relation to its efficacy and welfare as the blood sustains in connection with the physical wellbeing. The blood, as we have seen, is the medium for supplying every portion of the body with the kind and degree of nourishment essential to its particular activity. The spiritual part of man requires some similar provision, something which shall bring to every capacity of love and knowledge the guidance and the strength indispensable for its preservation in right order and consequent happiness. In ourselves we have no such power. So far as our own inclinations are concerned, we turn spontaneously in the direction of wrong, and are as void of all true life as a bloodless corpse. And unless our merciful Lord had provided a means of implanting spiritual life from Himself amid our corrupt affections, and causing it to circulate among them with renewing vigour, until by slow degrees they attain a thorough change of nature, we should have no hope. What, then, is this means?

We answer, The Divine truth of the Word of God. This contains all the essentials of spiritual life, and, if received into the mind, and honestly permitted to exert its sanctifying power, it will gradually change the entire quality both of the affections and thoughts, and make the man previously dead in trespasses and sins a living soul. The correspondence between this truth and the blood is most exact. Spiritually as naturally man comprises a great diversity of functions. He needs definite convictions and principles to give to his character a stability like that which the bones confer upon the body; and this hard intellectual basis requires clothing in gentle affections of love and charity, resembling those softer parts which conceal the skeleton, while supported by its firm strength. His mental food, moreover, like the corporeal, demands complicated processes of preparation to fit it for assimilation with his spirit's life-thoughtful rumination, and what a fine old prayer of the Church of