(b) "person" means any individual (whether or not a citizen or national of the United States), any corporation, partnership, association, or other entity (whether or not organized or existing under the laws of any State), and any Federal, State, local, or foreign government or any entity of any such government;

(c) “R.M.S. Titanic” means the shipwrecked vessel R.M.S. Titanic, her cargo or other contents, including those items which are scattered on the ocean floor in her vicinity; and (d) "Secretary" means the Secretary of State.

(Pub. L. 99-513, § 3, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2082.)

SECTION REFERRED to in OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 450rr, 450rr-3, 450rr-4, 450rr-6 of this title.

§ 450rr-2. Commendation

The Congress of the United States highly commends the members of the joint international expedition which discovered the R.M.S. Titanic.

(Pub. L. 99-513, § 4, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2083.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 450rr, 450rr-1, 450rr-3, 450rr-4, 450rr-6 of this title.

§ 450rr-3. International guidelines

(a) The Administrator is directed to enter into consultations with the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and other interested nations to develop international guidelines for research on, exploration of, and if appropriate, salvage of the R.M.S. Titanic, which

(1) are consistent with its national and international scientific, cultural, and historical significance and the purposes of sections 450rr to 450rr-6 of this title; and

(2) promote the safety of individuals involved in such operations.

(b) In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator shall consult with the Secretary and shall promote full participation by other interested Federal agencies, academic and research institutions, and members of the public.

(Pub. L. 99-513, § 5, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2083.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 450rr, 450rr-1, 450rr-4, 450rr-5, 450rr-6 of this title.

§ 450rr-4. International agreement (a) Negotiations

The Secretary is directed to enter into negotiations with the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and other interested nations to develop an international agreement which provides for

(1) the designation of the R.M.S. Titanic as an international maritime memorial; and

(2) research on, exploration of, and if appropriate, salvage of the R.M.S. Titanic con

sistent with the international guidelines developed pursuant to section 450rr-3 of this title and the purposes of sections 450rr to 450rr-6 of this title.

(b) Consultation with Administrator

In carrying out the requirements of subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall consult with the Administrator, who shall provide research and technical assistance to the Secretary.

(c) Reports to Congressional committees on progress of negotiations and consultations

The Secretary and the Administrator shall report semiannually to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation in the Senate on the progress of the negotiations and consultations. (d) Notification of agreement and recommendations to Congressional committees

Upon adoption of an international agreement as described in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall provide notification of the agreement and recommendations for legislation to implement the agreement to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the House of Representatives and to the Committee on For eign Relations and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation in the Senate.

(Pub. L. 99-513, § 6, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2083.)

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Repre sentatives changed to Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

ABOLITION OF HOUSE COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MARINE AND FISHERIES

Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries of House of Representatives abolished and its jurisdiction given primarily to Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of House of Representatives, and remainder of jurisdiction given to Committees on National Security and on Resources of House of Representatives, by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 450rr, 450rr-1, 450rr-3, 450rr-5, 450rr-6 of this title.

§ 450rr-5. Sense of Congress regarding conduct of

future activities

It is the sense of Congress that research and limited exploration activities concerning the R.M.S. Titanic should continue for the purpose of enhancing public knowledge of its scientific, cultural, and historical significance: Provided, That, pending adoption of the international agreement described in section 450rr-4(a) of this title or implementation of the international guidelines described in section 450rr-3 of this

title, no person should conduct any such research or exploration activity which would physically alter, disturb, or salvage the R.M.S. Titanic.

(Pub. L. 99-513, §7, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2084.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 450rr, 450rr-1, 450rr-3, 450rr-4, 450rr-6 of this title.

§ 450rr-6. Disclaimer of extraterritorial sovereignty By enactment of sections 450rr to 450rr-6 of this title, the United States does not assert sovereignty, or sovereign or exclusive rights or jurisdiction over, or the ownership of, any marine areas or the R.M.S. Titanic.

(Pub. L. 99-513, § 8, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2084.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 450rr, 450rr-1, 450rr-3, 450rr-4 of this title.

SUBCHAPTER LXII-MISCELLANEOUS

§ 451. Limit on cost of buildings erected in national parks

No expenditure for construction of administration or other buildings cost in case of any building exceeding $3,000 shall be made in any national park except under express authority of Congress.

(Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 355, § 1, 37 Stat. 460; July 1, 1918, ch. 113, § 1, 40 Stat. 677; Feb. 13, 1940, ch. 30, 54 Stat. 36.)

AMENDMENTS

1940-Act Feb. 13, 1940, substituted "$3,000" for "$1,500".

§ 451a. Limitation on further extension or establishment of national parks in Wyoming

No further extension or establishment of national parks in Wyoming may be undertaken except by express authorization of Congress. (Sept. 14, 1950, ch. 950, § 1, 64 Stat. 849.)

CODIFICATION

Section comprises only part of the last sentence of section 1 of act Sept. 14, 1950. The remainder of section, except that part of the last sentence which repealed sections 406 to 406d of this title, is set out as sections 406d-1 and 431a of this title.

REPEAL OF INCONSISTENT LAWS

Repeal of laws inconsistent with act Sept. 14, 1950, see note set out under section 406d-1 of this title.

CROSS REFERENCES

Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming, see section 406d-1 et seq. of this title.

National monuments of Wyoming, limitation on further extension or establishment, see section 431a of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 406d-1, 406d-2, 406d-5 of this title.

§ 452. Revenues of national parks covered into Treasury; estimates for care of parks

All revenues of the national parks shall be covered into the Treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts, except in case of Hot Springs National Park such as may be necessary to pay obligations outstanding on June 30, 1922.

(June 12, 1917, ch. 27, § 1, 40 Stat. 153; May 24, 1922, ch. 199, 42 Stat. 590; Sept. 12, 1950, ch. 946, title III, § 301(95), 64 Stat. 844.)

CODIFICATION

The words referring to Hot Springs National Park are taken from a part of the Interior Appropriation Act, 1923, May 24, 1922. In the original the provisions read as follows: "From and after July 1, 1922, all revenues of the Hot Springs National Park shall be covered into the Treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts, except as may be necessary to pay obligations outstanding on June 30, 1922."

AMENDMENTS

1950-Act Sept. 12, 1950, repealed requirement that Secretary of the Interior submit, annually, estimates of the amounts required for care, maintenance, and development of national parks.

REPEALS

Act Sept. 12, 1950, ch. 946, title III, § 301(95), 64 Stat. 844, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 97-258, § 5(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1068, 1077.

CROSS REFERENCES

Disposition of revenue arising from licenses for occupancy and use of National Parks and Monuments, see section 810 of this title.

§ 452a. Acquisition of non-Federal land within existing boundaries of any National Park; donations; authorization of appropriations

In order to consolidate Federal land ownership within the existing boundaries of any National Park and to encourage the donation of funds for that purpose, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to accept and to use in his discretion funds which may be donated subject to the condition that such donated funds are to be expended for purposes of this section by the Secretary only if Federal funds in an amount equal to the amount of such donated funds are appropriated for the purposes of this section. There are authorized to be appropriated such funds as may be necessary to match funds that may be donated for such purposes: Provided, That the amount which may be appropriated annually for purposes of this section shall be limited to $500,000.

(Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1163, 68 Stat. 1037.)

CROSS REFERENCES

Uniform application of this section to all areas of national park system when not in conflict with specific provisions applicable to an area, see section 1c of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 1c, 459a-6 of this title.

§ 453. Donations of land for park purposes near or adjacent to National Forest Reserve in North Carolina

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to accept for park purposes any lands and rightsof-way, including the Grandfather Mountain, near or adjacent to the Government national forest in western North Carolina.

(June 12, 1917, ch. 27, § 1, 40 Stat. 152.)

CODIFICATION

"Government national forest" substituted in text for "Government forest reserve" on authority of act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, 34 Stat. 1269, which provided that forest reserves shall hereafter be known as national forests.

CROSS REFERENCES

Acceptance of donations of property and money for purposes of national park and monument system, see section 6 of this title.

§ 454. Repealed. Pub. L. 89-554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 642, 650

Section, acts Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 355, § 8, 37 Stat. 487; June 6, 1939, ch. 185, 53 Stat. 810, authorized the superintendent, the acting superintendent, custodian, and principal clerks of the various national parks and other Government reservations to administer oaths to expense accounts.

§ 455. Study of battlefields for commemorative purposes

The Secretary of the Army is authorized to have made studies and investigations and, where necessary, surveys of all battlefields within the continental limits of the United States whereon troops of the United States or of the original thirteen colonies have been engaged against a common enemy, with a view to preparing a general plan and such detailed projects as may be required for properly commemorating such battlefields or other adjacent points of historic and military interest.

(June 11, 1926, ch. 555, § 1, 44 Stat. 726; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)

CHANGE OF NAME

Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted "Title 10, Armed Forces" which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued military Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in section 455a of this title.

§ 455a. Report to Congress

Annually after December 1, 1926, the Secretary of the Army shall submit through the President to Congress a detailed report of progress made under sections 455 to 455c of this title, together with his recommendations for further operations.

(June 11, 1926, ch. 555, § 2, 44 Stat. 727; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)

CHANGE OF NAME

Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted "Title 10, Armed Forces" which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued military Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Administrative functions of certain national military parks and national monuments transferred to Depart. ment of the Interior by Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 2, June 10, 1933, and Ex. Ord. No. 6228, § 1, July 28, 1933, set out under section 901 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

National Park Service substituted for Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations referred to in Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 2, June 10, 1933, by act Mar. 2, 1934, ch. 38, § 1, 48 Stat. 389.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 455c of this title.

§ 455b. Inclusion of estimate of cost of projected sur. veys in appropriation estimates

The Secretary of the Army shall include annually in his Department of the Army appropriation estimates a list of the battlefields for which surveys or other field investigations are planned for the fiscal year in question, together with the estimated cost of making each survey or other field investigation.

(June 11, 1926, ch. 555, § 3, 44 Stat. 727; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, § 205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)

CHANGE OF NAME

Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted "Title 10, Armed Forces" which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued military Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Administrative functions of certain national military parks and national monuments transferred to Department of the Interior by Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 2, June 10, 1933, and Ex. Ord. No. 6228, § 1, July 28, 1933, set out under section 901 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

National Park Service substituted for Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations referred to in Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 2, June 10, 1933, by act Mar. 2, 1934, ch. 38, § 1, 48 Stat. 389.

CHANGE OF NAME

Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted "Title 10, Armed Forces" which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued military Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Administrative functions of certain national military parks and national monuments transferred to Department of the Interior by Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 2, June 10, 1933, and Ex. Ord. No. 6228, § 1, July 28, 1933, set out under section 901 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

National Park Service substituted for Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations referred to in Ex. Ord. No. 6166, § 2, June 10, 1933, by act Mar. 2, 1934, ch. 38, § 1, 48 Stat. 389.

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

For transfer of certain functions relating to real property under jurisdiction of Department of the Air Force from Secretary of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order No. 14 [§ 2(4)], eff. July 1, 1948.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN Other SectTIONS

This section is referred to in section 455a of this title.

§ 456. Expense of depositing money payable from appropriations

Appropriations made for the administration, protection and maintenance of the national parks and national monuments under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior shall be available for expense of depositing public money.

(May 10, 1926, ch. 277, § 1, 44 Stat. 491.)

§ 456a. Collections and pay-roll deductions for meals and quarters

Cash collections and pay-roll deductions made for meals and quarters furnished by the National Park Service to employees of the Government in the field and to cooperating agencies may be credited as a reimbursement to the current appropriation for the administration of the park or monument in which the accommodations are furnished.

(May 9, 1935, ch. 101, § 1, 49 Stat. 209.)

CODIFICATION

Section is also set out as section 14b of this title.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

For transfer of functions of other officers, employees, and agencies of Department of the Interior, with certain exceptions, to Secretary of the Interior, with power to delegate, see Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1950, §§ 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3174, 64 Stat. 1262, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

§ 457. Action for death or personal injury within national park or other place under jurisdiction of United States; application of State laws

In the case of the death of any person by the neglect or wrongful act of another within a national park or other place subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, within the exterior boundaries of any State, such right of action shall exist as though the place were under the jurisdiction of the State within whose exterior boundaries such place may be; and in any action brought to recover on account of injuries sustained in any such place the rights of the parties shall be governed by the laws of the State within the exterior boundaries of which it may be.

(Feb. 1, 1928, ch. 15, 45 Stat. 54.)

CROSS REFERENCES

State workmen's compensation laws extended and made applicable to buildings and property of United States by act of June 25, 1936, see section 290 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works.

§ 458. Travel expenses incident to study of battlefields; payment

Mileage of officers of the Army and actual expenses of civilian employees traveling on duty in connection with the studies, surveys, and field investigations of battlefields shall be paid from the appropriations made from time to time to meet the expenses for these purposes.

(Mar. 8, 1928, ch. 152, 45 Stat. 249.)

§ 458a. Mats for reproduction in magazines and newspapers of photographs of scenery

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized and directed to have prepared mats which may be used for the reproduction in magazines and newspapers of photographs of such of the scenery in the national parks as, in the opinion of the Secretary, would be of interest to the people of the United States and foreign nations. Any such mats may be furnished, without charge and under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, to the publishers of magazines, newspapers, and any other publications which may carry photographic reproductions. (Aug. 27, 1940, ch. 690, § 1, 54 Stat. 861.)

SUBCHAPTER LXIII-NATIONAL
SEASHORE RECREATIONAL AREAS

§ 459. Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area; conditional establishment; acquisition of lands

When title to all the lands, except those within the limits of established villages, within boundaries to be designated by the Secretary of

the Interior within the area of approximately one hundred square miles on the islands of Chicamacomico, Ocracoke, Bodie, Roanoke, and Collington, and the waters and the lands beneath the waters adjacent thereto shall have been vested in the United States, said area shall be, and is, established, dedicated, and set apart as a national seashore recreational area for the benefit and enjoyment of the people and shall be known as the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area: Provided, That the United States shall not purchase by appropriation of public moneys any lands within the aforesaid area, but such lands shall be secured by the United States only by public or private donation.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 1, 50 Stat. 669; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, § 1, 54 Stat. 702.)

CHANGE OF NAME

Words "national seashore recreational area" substituted in text for "national seashore" pursuant to act June 29, 1940.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 459a-1, 459a-2, 459a-3, 459a-5a of this title.

§ 459a. Acceptance of donations; acquisition of property by purchase and condemnation

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to accept donations of land, interests in land, buildings, structures, and other property, within the boundaries of said national seashore recreational area as determined and fixed hereunder and donations of funds for the purchase and maintenance thereof, the title and evidence of title to lands acquired to be satisfactory to the Secretary of the Interior: Provided, That he may acquire on behalf of the United States under any donated funds by purchase, when purchasable at prices deemed by him reasonable, otherwise by condemnation under the provisions of sections 257 and 258 of title 40, such tracts of land within the said national seashore recreational area as may be necessary for the completion thereof.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 2, 50 Stat. 669; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, § 1, 54 Stat. 702.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 258 of title 40, referred to in text, was omitted from the Code as superseded by rule 71A of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

CHANGE OF NAME

Words "national seashore recreational area” substituted in text for "national seashore" pursuant to act June 29, 1940.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN Other SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 459a-2, 459a-3, 459a-5a of this title.

§ 459a-1. Administration, protection, and development; commercial fishing by residents; hunting The administration, protection, and development of the aforesaid national seashore recreational area shall be exercised under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior by the Na

tional Park Service, subject to the provisions of sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this title, as amended: Provided, That except as hereinafter provided nothing herein shall be construed to divest the jurisdiction of other agencies of the Government exercised on August 17, 1937, over Federal-owned lands within the area of the said Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area: Provided further, That the provisions of the Federal Power Act [16 U.S.C. 791a et seq.), shall not apply to this national seashore recreational area: And provided further, That the legal residents of villages referred to in section 459 of this title shall have the right to earn a livelihood by fishing within the boundaries to be designated by the Secretary of the Interior, subject to such rules and regulations as the said Secretary may deem necessary in order to protect the area for recreational use as provided for in sections 459 to 459a-3 of this title: And provided further, That hunting shall be permitted, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior in conformity with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of July 3, 1918 (40 Stat. 755) [16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.), as follows: (a) Upon the waters of the sounds included within the national seashore recreational area, (b) in the area north of the Currituck County line, (c) on Ocracoke Island, and (d) within not more than two thousand acres of land in the remaining portion of said national seashore recreational area, as shall be designated by the Secretary of the Interior; except on lands and waters included in any existing or future wildlife or migratory bird refuge and adjacent closed waters.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 3, 50 Stat. 670; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, §§ 1, 2, 54 Stat. 702.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Federal Power Act, referred to in text, was in the original the "Act of June 10, 1920, known as the Federal Water Power Act," and was redesignated as the Federal Power Act by section 791a of this title. The Federal Power Act is act June 10, 1920, ch. 285, 41 Stat. 1063, as amended, and is classified generally to chapter 12 (§ 791a et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 791a of this title and Tables.

The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of July 3, 1918, referred to in text, is act July 3, 1918, ch. 128, 40 Stat. 755, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 703 et seq.) of chapter 7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 710 of this title and Tables.

CHANGE OF NAME

Words "national seashore recreational area" substituted in text for "national seashore" pursuant to act June 29, 1940.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

For transfer of functions of other officers, employees, and agencies of Department of the Interior, with certain exceptions, to Secretary of the Interior, with power to delegate, see Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1950, §§ 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3174, 64 Stat. 1262, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 459a-2, 459a-3, 459a-5a of this title.