being upon some occasion a synod of the bishops of Cyprus, Spyridion and Triphyllius were present. Triphyllius had studied the Roman laws at Berytus for a considerable time, and was in repute likewise for his skill in other parts of learning. At an assembly for divine worship, Triphyllius was called upon to preach; and when he alleged that text [Mark ii. 9.] "Arise, take up thy bed," or couch, “ and walk" instead of the popular word in the evangelist, he made use of another Greek word, reckoned more elegant : at which Spyridion, being much offended, rose up from his scat, and before all the people said aloud, Are you better than he who said couch,' that you are ashamed to use his expressions?'

4. If this be true, we have an argument of the virtue, particularly of the humility of Triphyllius, in that work of his where he celebrated Spyridion and his miracles. The public reproof which he had received, produced no lasting resentment in his mind; he still honoured his master: he was therefore both a learned and a good man, though, as it seems, too credulous.

5. Rufinus supposes Spyridion to have been present at the council of Nice: and tells divers strange stories of him, which Socrates transcribed into his Ecclesiastical History. They who desire to know more of Spyridion, may consulth Tillemont.

Συνάξεως δε επιτελεμενης, επιτραπείς Τριφυλλιος διδαξαι το πληθος, έπει το ῥητον εκείνο παραγειν εις μέσον εδέησε, το αρον σε τον κράββατον, και περιπατει, σκιμποδα αντι το κραββατε, μεταβαλων το ονομα, είπε. Και ὁ Σπυριδιων αγανακτησας, ο συγε, έφη, αμεινων τε κράββατον ειρηκότος, ότι ταις αυτό λεξεσιν επαισχύνῃ κεχρήσθαι; τετο ειπων, απεπήδησε το ἱερατικό χρόνο, τε δημε όρωντος, κ. λ. Sozom. I. i. c. 11. p. 416, 417.

Ex eorum numero (et si quid adhuc eminentius) fuisse dicitur etiam Spyridion Cyprius episcopus, vir unus ex ordine prophetarum: quantum etiam nos eorum, qui eum viderunt, relatione comperimus, &c. Rufin. H. E. l. i. cap. 5. Soc. 1. i. c. 12. h Mem. Ec. T. vii.

CHAP. LXXXVIII.

FORTUNATIANUS.

1. AS Jerom has a chapter for Fortunatianus, I transcribe ita below. He was born in Africa, but was bishop of Aquileia in Italy. In the reign of Constantius he wrote short commentaries or notes upon the gospels in a homely style. Fortunatianus is placed by Caveb at the year 340.

2. Though Jerom there speaks of Fortunatianus's commentaries as brief and rustic, he did not entirely neglect them. In a letter to Paul of Concordia, still extant, he entreats him to send him those commentaries; and in the preface to his own commentary upon St. Matthew, he acknowledges, that he had read what Fortunatianus had written upon that gospel.

CHAP. LXXXIX.

PHOTINUS.

I. His history. II. Principles. III. Writings. IV. Character. V. Scriptures received by him. VI. His sect subsisted for some time.

6

1. PHOTINUS of Galatia,' says Jerom, disciple of Mar'cellus, and bishop of Sirmium, endeavoured to revive the

• Fortunatianus, natione Afer, Aquileiensis episcopus, imperante Constantio, in evangelia, titulis ordinatis, brevi et rustico sermone scripsit commentarios. Et in hoc habetur detestabilis, quod Liberium Romanæ Urbis episcopum, pro fide ad exilium pergentem, primus solicitavit ac fregit, et ad subscriptionem hæreseos compulit. De V. I. cap. 97. Vid. Fabr. in h. 1. et conf. Tillemont. bH. L. T. i. p. 206. -scilicet Commentarios Fortu

Mem. T. vi. Les Ariens. art. 51. et 69.

Et ne putes modica esse quæ deprecor

natiani-Ad Paul. Concord. ep. 10. [al. 21.] T. iv. p. 17. in.

d Legisse me fateor in Matthæum-et Latinorum, Hilarii, Victorini, Fortunatiani opuscula. Proleg. in. Matt. T. iv.

* Photinus de Gallogræciâ, Marcelli discipulus, Sirmii episcopus ordinatus,

heresy of Ebion. Being afterwards banished by the emperor Valentinian, he wrote many volumes; among which, the 'chief are his books against the Gentiles, and to Valen'tinian.'

Photinus was a native of Galatia, as Jerom intimates, and probably of Ancyra, the chief city. The same is intimated by others. Jerom here, and Sulpicius Severus, and d others, call him disciple of Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, of whom we have spoken formerly. He is also said to have been deacon to Marcellus.

The time when Photinus was ordained bishop of Sirmium, is not exactly known; nor when he first began to publish his peculiar principles, whether in 341, or 343: but he was first condemned by the Ariaus or Eusebians in a synod held at Antioch in 344, or 345. He was afterwards condemned in several councils. But it was not easy to remove him, because of the affection which the people of Sirmium had for him, who would not part with him. In the end he was condemned and deposed in a council at Sirmium, held in 351, as is now generally supposed after which he was banished. There being some difficulties about the time of the just-mentioned council, and other councils relating to Photinus, which for the sake of brevity I do not choose to concern myself with; I refer to several learned moderns, Hebionis hæresim instaurare conatus est. Postea a Valentiniano principe pulsus ecclesià plura scripsit volumina: in quibus vel præcipua sunt contra Gentes, et ad Valentinianum libri. De Vir. Ill. cap. 107.

b

γενος της μικρας Γαλατιας. Socr. 1. ii. c. 18. p. 96. D.

Οἱ απο Μαρκελλο και Φωτεινε αγκυρογαλατων. Ap. eund. cap. 19. p. 99. Β. Et tamen hoc ipsum Marcellum gravabat, quia Photinus auditor ejus fuisse in adolescentiâ videbatur. Sulp. Sev. Hist. Socr. 1. ii. c. 35.

.d

-Μαρκελλα τε τε καθηρημενο μαθητης, ακολύθων τῳ διδασκαλῳ, K. A. Socr. 1. c. 18. p. 96. D. e See p. 146.

Photinus Sirmiensis episcopus fuit a Marcello imbutus. Nam et diaconus sub eo aliquamdiu fuit. Hilar. Fragment. ii. n. 19. p. 1275.

Vid. Athanas. de Synod. n. vi. vii. et conf. Socrat. l. ii. cap. 18, 19.

h Verum inter hæc Sirmium convenitur Photinus hæreticus comprehensus, olim reus pronuntiatus, et a communione jampridem unitatis abscissus, nec tum quidem per factionem populi potuit amoveri. Hilar. Fragm. ii. n. 21. p. 1299. Vid. et n. 22.

i Vid. Cav. H. L. Ann. 344. T. i. p. 209. and Life of St. Athanasius, n. xi. p. 127-129. in Lives of the Fathers of the Fourth Century. Du Pin. Bib. T. ii. p. 112. Tillem. Mem. T. vi. Les Ariens. Art. 37, 41, 44, 46, 47. Fabr. Bib. Gr. T. viii. p. 314. et seq. T. xi. p. 378. not. Petav. Diss. de Photin. Damnat. ap. Labb. Concil. T. ii. p. 279, &c. et Animadvers. in Epiphan. H. 73. p. 304, &c. Tho. Ittigii Historia Photini in App. ad librum de Hæresiarchis. Diss. M. Larrogue de Photino hæretico, ejusque multiplici damnatione. Baron. Ann. 357. n. i. et seqq. Pagi Ann. 344, 345, 347. n. v. viii. xv. 349. n. vi. vii. 351. n. x. xi. et seqq. Basnag. Ann. 345. n. v. 349. n. viii. 351. n. vi. viii. Athanas. Vit. a Benedic. adornat ad Ann. Chr. 343, 347, 349, 351.

who have written his history, in which there are divers intricacies.

Jerom says, that Photinus was banished by Valentinian : which creates a difficulty: for the council of Sirmium, by which Photinus was deposed, and after which he was banished, was held in the time of Constantius, who died in 361, whereas Valentinian did not begin to reign before 464. Some therefore have thought, that what Jerom says here is a slip of memory, or mistake through haste, putting Valentinian for Constantius. Others' account for it in this manner; Photinus, they suppose, must have been restored by the edict of Julian, together with other bishops banished in the reign of Constantius; and Photinus was banished a second time, in the time of Valentinian, if Jerom is not mistaken. And indeed, there is in Facundus a letter of Julian to Photinus, if it be genuine; and it is very complaisant.

m

It is concluded from Jerom's" Chronicle, that Photinus died in 375 or 376. He seems to have been living when° Epiphanius wrote the article of his heresy in 375. OptatusP who wrote about 368, may be understood to speak of him as then living.

Whenever that council of Sirmium was held, by which Photinus was deposed and banished, there was a conference held concerning his doctrine, at his request. The principal disputant on the other side was Basil the Arian bishop of Ancyra, who had been put in the room of Marcellus: and it is said, that Basil triumphed in the argument. The disputation was taken down by notaries appointed for that purpose; and there were several copies made of it, one to be sent to the emperor Constantius, another for the synod, and a third for the courtiers that were present, and before whom the conference was held by the emperor's order. But there is nothing of it remaining: if it had been still extant, in all probability it would have appeared curious to some in our times.

Socrates says, that' after Photinus had been deposed, the
* Vid. Petav. Animadv. ad Epiph. H. 71.
p. 304.

1 Vid. Fabr. ad Hieron. de V. I. cap. 107. et ad Philastr. cap. 65.
m Vid. Facund. 1. iv. cap. 2. p. 59.
n Chr. p. 187.

• Vid. H. 71. n. i. et Indic. Hæres. p. 808.

P Dictum est hoc de Photino præsentis temporis hæretico, qui Filium Dei ausus est dicere tantummodo hominem fuisse, non Deum. Optat. l. iv. c. 5. 4 Vid. Epiph. H. 71. n. i. p. 829. Socrat. l. ii. cap. 29, et 30. Sozom. 1. iv. cap. 6.

- Τέτοις τον Φωτεινον και μετα καθαίρεσιν συνεσθαι και συνυπογράψαι συμπείθειν επειρωντο, επαγγειλαμενοι αποδώσειν αυτή την επισκοπήν, εαν εκ μετάνοιας αναθεματισῃ μεν το παρευρεθεν αυτῳ δογμα, συνθηναι δε τη αυτων yvoμy. Socr. l. ii. c. 30. p. 125. D.

S

bishops offered to restore him if he would recant: but he refused. Sozomen speaks to the like purpose. And perhaps Philaster refers to this, in a place to be taken notice of by and by where he says, that Photinus refused to subscribe the creed which the synod had composed.

Germinius, an Arian, often mentioned by Athanasius, and the ecclesiastical historians, was successor of Photinus.

II. Accounts of Photinus's principles may be seen in many authors, particularly in the Symbol of the Eusebian council at Antioch, where he was first condemned. They join him and Marcellus together, as denying the divinity and eternal pre-existence of the Son, and the personality of the Word, under a pretence of maintaining the divine Unity.

Philaster says little more of Photinus, than" that he held the same opinion with Paul of Samosata, and that he would not renounce it: for which reason he was deposed, and excluded from the church of Sirmium, by the bishops who had convicted him.

Epiphanius, in his Summary, says, that Photinus was of the same opinion with Paul of Samosata; though in some respects he expressed himself differently. But both agreed, that Christ began to exist when he was born of Mary. In like manner, in his fuller account: that he was not from eternity, but he was born of Mary, and the Holy Ghost came upon him that he was born of the Holy Ghost and Mary, and on that account was the Son of God.

Socrates says, thaty Photinus, bishop of Sirmium, native of Galatia, following his master Marcellus who had been deposed, maintained, that Christ was a mere man : and that the bishops assembled at Sirmium deposed him, having

t

Soz. l. iv. c. 6. p. 543, 544.

Τοιωτοι δε εισιν οἱ απο Μαρκελλο, και Φωτεινε των Αγκυρογαλατων, οἱ την προαιωνιον ὑπαρξιν τε Χρισε, και την θεότητα, και την ατελεύτητον αυτό βασιλειαν ὁμοιως Ιεδαίοις αθετωσιν, επι προφάσει το συνιτασθαι δοκειν τη μοναρχία. Ισμεν γαρ αυτον ήμεις εχ ̓ ἁπλως λογον προφορικον, η ενδιάθετον το θες, αλλά ζωντα Θεον λόγον καθ' ἑαυτὸν ὑπαρχοντα, και Υιον Θες και Χρισον. K. λ. Apud Athanas. De Synod. p. 740. n. vi. Vid. et n. vii. et apud Socrat. H. E. 1. ii. c. 19. p. 99.

"Photinus doctrinam ejus secutus in omnibus similiter prædicabat. Inque hoc mendacio perseverans, projectus est de ecclesiâ. Sirmiensium civitatis, a

sanctis episcopis superatus. Philast. cap. 65. p. 128. ed. Fabric.

– Και αυτοι και απο Μαριας και δεύρο τον Χριτον διαβεβαιενται. Indict.

p. 808.

* Φάσκει δε έτος, απαρχής τον Χρισον μη είναι, απο δε Μαριας και δευρο αυτὸν ὑπάρχειν, εξοτε, φησι, το πνεύμα το άγιον επήλθεν επ' αυτον, και εγεννηθη εκ πνεύματος άγιο. Η. 71. n. i. p. 829. Α. Β.

X

5

—γεννηθεῖς ὁ Χρισος εκ πνεύματος άγιο και απο Μαριας. Ib. n. ii. p. 830. ακολύθων τῳ διδασκαλῳ, ψιλον ανθρωπον τον Υιον εδογμάτισε. κ. λ. Socr. ii. c. 18. p. 96. D.