By the deficiency appropriations act of July 19, 1897, Congress appropriated the sum of $6,000, to be paid to the Italian Government, as full indemnity "to the heirs of three of its subjects, Salvatore Arena, Giuseppe Venturella, and Lorenzo Salardino." For the preliminary discussions of the case, see For. Rel. 1896, 396–403, 'or the discussion of the question of nationality, as above quoted, see 6. RESIDENCE. (1) FIVE YEARS' RULE. § 388. Rev. Stat., § 2165, providing that the court naturalizing an alien must be satisfied that he has resided in the United States for five years, and within the State where the court is held for one year, does not require the last year of residence before the application for naturalization to be in the State where the application is made, as it is sufficient that applicant has lived for any year in that State. Chandler v. Wartman, 6 N. J. Law J. 301. The five years' residence required by the statutes means actual residence in the United States; and a person can not be considered “as having been constructively in this country during the past five years merely because he has been in the employment of this Government [i. e., as interpreter, or dragoman, of the American legation at Constantinople] in Turkey during that time. The fiction of extraterritoriality can not be carried to this extent." Mr. Gresham, Sec. of State, to Mr. Terrell, min. to Turkey, Nov. 2, 1893, The person in question, Mr. Gargiulo, had made a declaration of inten- is held not to answer the requirements of the statute. Your proposed residence in Japan can not, therefore, be made available for naturalization purposes." (Mr. Evarts, Sec. of State, to Mr. de la Camp, July 25, 1877, 119 MS. Dom. Let. 262.) The process of naturalization must be performed in the United States. It has been intimated that a sojourn of a native Porto Rican in Porto dence in "the United States." (Mr. Hay, Sec. of State, to Mr. Miranda, June 10, 1899, 237 MS. Dom. Let. 466.) The same thing would, however, potentially be true of a transient sojourn anywhere. "No alien shall be admitted to become a citizen who has not for the continued term of five years next preceding his tinued term." admission resided within the United States." Meaning of con Rev. Stat., § 2170; act of June 26, 1848, 9 Stat. 240. This provision is subject to the exceptions noted below. to Prussia, Sept. 20, 1870, MS. Inst. Prussia, XV. 157.) "Your despatch No. 158 has been received, together with a copy of the correspondence you have had with the Federal Council in relation to Dominie Madini, now residing in Switzerland. "It appears that he is an Austrian subject by birth, and that after having taken part in the Lombard revolution, in 1848, he came to this country and legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States. In the year 1852, and before he had been long enough in this country to be entitled to naturalization, he returned to Europe and settled in Switzerland, where he has since resided, for the alleged purpose of collecting his fortune, which he has some prospect of being able to do, and then he designs to return and reside in the United States. "Upon this state of facts you interposed in his behalf in order to procure from the Federal Council permission for him to remain in the Canton of Zurich, from which he had received notice to withdraw, and you suggest that a few words from this Department expressing to the Council its concurrence in the view taken in your note to that body on the subject would be of great utility. "The 12th section of the act of March 3d, 1813, for the regulation of seamen on board the public and private vessels of the United States, provides That no person who shall arrive in the United States from and after the time when this act shall take effect, shall be admitted to become a citizen of the United States who shall not for the continued term of five years next preceding his admission as aforesaid have resided within the United States without being at any time during the said five years out of the territory of the United States.' "Under this statute it was held that any absence from the United States, however short, during the five years, even the landing from a steamboat in Canada, would prevent the applicant from obtaining his naturalization. Such an interpretation of it was deemed a hardship, and to deprive the law of this stringent feature, the act of June 26, 1848, was passed, repealing the words without being dur ing the said five years out of the territory of the United States,' found in the last clause of the section above referred to. 66 The law as it now stands, therefore, requires that the applicant in order to be entitled to naturalization must have resided within the United States for the continued term of five years next preceding his admission as a citizen. This language wholly excludes the idea that the person may be allowed to go to another country and there make his domicil as long as it may suit his convenience and then return to the United States and avail himself of the time he had previously resided within their territory. By Madini's departure from the United States before he was naturalized, becoming domiciled in another country and entering into business there, he relinquished all the advantages, whatever they might be, which he had gained by his temporary residence in the United States, and placed himself in relation to this Government on a footing with those foreigners who have never been within its territory. From these observations it will be perceived why the Department is unable to comply with your suggestion to express to the Federal Council regret at its declining to aid the interposition of an American legation in a case like that of Dominie Madini." Mr. Marcy, Sec. of State, to Mr. Fay, No. 37, March 22, 1856, MS. Inst. For the debates on the act of June 26, 1848, see Cong. Globe, Senate, M. N. was naturalized in the United States Nov. 29, 1875. It appeared that he obtained a passport as a citizen of the United States from the Department of State in 1870 on an application in which he was represented as a native of Pennsylvania, and that soon afterwards he returned to his native country, Switzerland, where, with the exception of one or two brief visits to the United States, he had since resided, engaged in business. From June, 1875, till 1882, he was a member of the municipal council of Chaux de Fonds. It was stated that the tenure of this office was not incompatible with alien status, but it appeared that it required a previous domicil of at least a year. It was held that the facts were incompatible with the continuous residence necessary to naturalization; and that on this ground, as well as on the ground of his action in obtaining a passport in 1870, he was not entitled to the interposition of the United States in respect of his arrest and imprisonment in Switzerland. Mr. Bayard, Sec. of State, to Mr. Cramer, min. to Switzerland, No. 138, "While a resident domicil here would not be interrupted by transient absences animo revertendi, yet the establishment during absence from the United States of a domicil in Switzerland, even though temporary, would be in conflict with and annul the American domicil for the purpose of the naturalization statutes." Mr. Bayard, Sec. of State, to Mr. Cramer, min. to Switzerland, No. 138, It was stated in a passport application that the applicant emigrated from Ireland to the United States in May, 1863; that he went to Ireland in the following August; that he returned to the United States in 1865, but again went back to Ireland and was" put in prison there." The time when he again returned to the United States was not disclosed, but he was naturalized Feb. 21, 1871. The Department of State declined to issue a passport on this application, since the applicant apparently had not resided "five years continuously" in the United States prior to his naturalization. Mr. Uhl, Act. Sec. of State, to Mr. O'Donovan Rossa, May 2, 1894, 197 MS. Dom. Let. 106. In the case of a native of Russia, who made a declaration of intention May 29, 1893, and then returned to Russia, where in January. 1896, he still remained, Mr. Olney said his sojourn in Russia "would doubtless be held by a naturalizing court . . . to interrupt the continuous residence required by law as a condition precedent to his naturalization." Mr. Olney, Sec. of State, to Mr. Breckinridge, min. to Russia, No. 169, "I have to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch No. 25, of the 17th ultimo, reporting that you have refused to issue a passport to Demetrius Chryssanthides, because he had not resided continuously in the United States during the five years preceding the date on which his certificate of naturalization was granted by the superior court of the city and county of San Francisco. "In the treaty between the United States and Bavaria concerning naturalization, signed May 26, 1868, Article I. provides that Bavarians who shall become naturalized in the United States, and shall have resided uninterruptedly' in the United States for five years, shall be treated as American citizens. An explanatory protocol to the treaty says, in paragraph 2 of Article I: "The words "resided uninterruptedly" are obviously to be understood, not of a continual bodily presence, but in the legal sense; and, therefore, a transient absence, a journey, or the like, by no means interrupts the period of five years contemplated by the first article.' The same explanation appears in the protocol to the naturalization treaty with Würtemberg of July 27, 1868. The Department has never doubted that that explanation would be accepted by the other powers with which the United States has naturalization treaties. (See The American Passport, page 175.) "This is the accepted construction of the words 'resided uninterruptedly,' but the law is (sec. 2170, R. S.): No alien shall be admitted to become a citizen who has not for the continued term of five years next preceding his admission resided within the United States.' This is broader than the language of the treaties, and is to be understood in the ordinary legal sense, according to which a transient absence for business, pleasure, or other occasion, with the intention of returning' (13 Opinions of the Attorneys-General, 376) does not interrupt the residence. "The just rule, it is apprehended, is that suggested by Senator Berrien in the debate on the law]: "If the applicant is absent any part of the time [during the five years before naturalization] it remains for the court to decide whether that absence is sufficient to prevent the issuing of the certificate." (American Law Review, February, 1895; article by Frederick Van Dyne, Assistant Solicitor, Department of State.) "In the case under consideration, Chryssanthides was absent about five months, three years before his naturalization. Whether or not this was a period long enough to have destroyed his residence was a question for the court before which he applied for naturalization to determine. The presumption is that the court decided properly. "Upon the showing presented by you the Department is of the opinion that this absence did not by itself furnish sufficient reason for refusing to issue a passport to Chryssanthides. Unless there is more evidence adverse to his good faith than you submit, he should be granted a passport and the adverse memorandum made on his naturalization certificate should, as far as possible, be removed." Mr. Hill, acting Sec. of State, to Mr. Leishman, min. to Turkey, June 14, 1901, For. Rel. 1901, 520. For the construction of the clauses as to residence in the treaties, see the discussion of the treaties, below. (2) EXCEPTIONS. $389. An alien seaman, who has duly declared his intention to become a citizen, and who has thereafter served three years on Seamen. a merchant vessel of the United States, may be ad mitted to citizenship. Rev. Stats. § 2174. This statute does not include seamen in the Navy. (Ex parte Gormly, 14 Phila. 211.) |