3. Engineering a corn conveying installation. R. A. SCHILBAUER. Canning Age, p. 915, Nov., 1926.-A description of the single line plant of the Rider Packing Co., Seymour, Ind., with special reference to the conveyor systems. A diagram is given of the layout and a list of equipment in use.

4. Two kinds of corn on a single conveyor. Canner, p. 23, Nov. 13, 1926.— The method used by the Peru Canning Co., Ind., whereby a single clean corn carrier and booster conveyor are utilized for two grades of corn by the use of stationary divider boards. Sliding gates make it possible to run the corn from the huskers onto either side.

5. Feeding husking machines from belts. B. MARCHANT. Canner, p. 23, Jan. 22, 1927.-A description of the method used at the Storm Lake Plant of the Sac City, Iowa, Canning Co.

X 6. Instruments available for factory control in the manufacture of jellies and preserves. E. L. RHOADES. Canner, p. 181, Convention number, 1927; Trade, p. 22, Feb. 28, 1927.-The discussion includes thermometers, automatic temperature controllers, recording pressure gauges, vacuum processes and recording and regulating devices, pumps for maintaining a constant level of liquids, hydrometers, refractometers, viscosimeters.

7. Proper lighting of the cannery. O. E. MEANS. Canner, p. 27, Feb. 26, 1927. The essential points of artificial lighting are: amount of light, placing of lamps, reflectors, color of walls and ceilings, and cleaning of lamps.

8. Care of machinery and conveyor belting. OGDEN SELLS. Trade, p. 22, Mar. 7, 1927.

9. Machinery and corn borer control. H. H. MUSSELMAN. Trade, p. 25, Jan. 31, 1927. New machines described are the low cutter attachment for the corn binder, the stubble beater, the husker shredder and the silage cutter.

10. Efficiency of arrangement of preserve equipment. E. E. FINCH. Trade, p. 24, Mar. 7, 1927; Canning Age, p. 355, Mar., 1927.-Automatic equipment should be used only when it is possible to actually demonstrate saving in labor. A machine should pay for itself in two years, leaving about 6 years average life in which to show profit. Lineups for the handling of jams and preserves are given.

11. Modern refrigeration for Pacific halibut vessels. Pacific Fisherman, 25, p. 10, Mar., 1927.-Insulation of fish-holds and the installation of modern automatic refrigerating machines enable halibut boats to go further for their catch, to wait for a full load and to return with their fish in good condition. RAY W. CLOUGH

12. Timely suggestions on salmon cannery equipment. A. L. ERICKSON. Pacific Fisherman, 25, p. 9, Feb.; p. 13, Mar., 1927.-A plea for proper inspection and repairs of all parts of the cannery equipment, with many helpful suggestions on the care of conveyors, steam connections, "iron chink," fillers and lubrication. RAY W. CLOUGH

13. Mechanical handling in Pacific salmon canneries. A. L. ERICKSON. Pacific Fisherman, 24, p. 2, Nov.; p. 13, Dec. 1926; 25, p. 13, Jan. 1927-An article in three instalments, suggesting many improvements in the equipment of the average cannery, designed to speed up production, eliminate much hard labor and to cut down the cost. Well illustrated with diagrams and pictures. RAY W. CLOUGH

14. Coast Fisherman Co.'s new plant a model of efficiency. Pacific Fisherman, 25, p. 14, Mar. 1927.-A description of a model plant for packing sardines and tuna. A research laboratory for the use of the University of California and the State Board of Health was included in the equipment and research work is under way. The article is well illustrated.

RAY W. CLOUGH

15. Automatic sprinklers protect against cannery fires. Canner, p. 31, Dec. 11, 1926.-A description of the installation at the Milford Canning Co., Ill. It is pointed out that most canneries are located in small communities where fire protection is inadequate. Although adequate fire insurance policies will reimburse the holder for the material things destroyed by fire, there is no insurance procurable to take care of intangible losses. Obligations entered into on the assumption of continuous plant operation must be met even though fire destroys the plant. The investment is considered good on the basis of dollars and the insurance savings pay for the sprinkler system in a few years. The equipment described in this plant are a 100,000 gallon steel gravity tank elevated on a 100 foot steel tower, cast iron under-ground water mains, two-way yard hydrants, straightway differential type dry-pipe valves, and distribution piping with automatic sprinklers. L. F. PRATT

CONTAINERS

16. Corrosion of tin plate in tin cans. C. L. MANTELL and E. S. LINCOLN. Canning Age, p. 847, Oct. 1926; Iron Age, 119, p. 843, 1927; Can. Chem. Met. p. 29, Feb. 1927.

17. Some observations in our perforation studies. E. F. KOHMAN. Canner, p. 154; Trade, p. 81; Canning Age, p. 234, Convention Numbers, 1927. -This article discusses those factors which the canner is able to control to a more or less extent and which have an influence upon perforations. The cans should be cooled as quickly and as thoroughly as possible and stored at as low a temperature as possible. They should also be handled as carefully as possible to reduce the distortion of the metal in the cans from dents inflicted upon the can before or after filling. The subject of the effect of sulphur dioxide in sugar, which is commonly present in small quantities, is yet uncertain, although it is known that sulphur dioxide acts corrosively on the can. Other factors having to do with perforations are gone into.

H. H. HOWRY

18. Composition and styles of glass containers for minimum breakage. J. S. ALEGO. Canner, p. 180, Convention number, 1927; Trade, p. 20, Feb. 28, 1927. The manufacture of glass containers is described. It is pointed out that the nearer the container approaches a round shape the stronger it is and

the easier it is to manufacture. An ideal condition would be the adoption of standard size and shape containers.

19. Tin cans with glass windows. Canning Age, p. 240, Mar. 1927.-A can is described which has a circle of glass cemented in the cover permitting the contents of the can to be seen.

20. New can reforming layout convenient and economical. Pacific Fisherman, 24, p. 8, Oct. 1926.-Collapsed can first used on the Pacific Coast in the pineapple industry. Some 15 to 20 salmon canneries now using them. The bodies are formed and soldered, then flattened ("collapsed") so as to occupy little space, shipped to the cannery where they are "reformed," flanged and the bottoms put on. One thousand cases collapsed cans and ends make 7,500 cases reformed cans, saving about seven-eighths of the ocean freight rates. The cans formerly were made up ahead of the packing season but more recently have been made just before filling, the can-reforming machinery practically forming a part of the canning "line." A description of the "hook-up" in one typical plant is given, together with pictures and a diagram.

RAY W. CLOUGH

21. Confer on specifications for tinplate. Canner, p. 19, Oct. 9, 1926.The statement submitted by the National Canners Assoc. to the conference of the Committee on Standardization of Tinplate for Canner's Cans, held at Pittsburgh, October 4th. Cooperation of the tinplate manufacturers was sought in reducing the amount of imperfect plate, pointing out that 65% of the tinned sheet steel manufactured in this country was used by the canners.

22. Canners League recommends standard 8-oz. can to members. Canner, p. 32, Dec. 4, 1926.-For the sake of uniformity the can of this size most commonly used is generally recommended, the measurements being 2 11/16 x 3 inches.

23. The recent advances in tin prices. Eng. Mining J-Press; through Trade, p. 16, Oct. 18, 1926.-The total production (and consumption) of the world has been static or slightly decreasing over a number of years, being not far above or below 130,000 metric tons between 1913 and 1918, a figure which has shrunk to around 120,000 tons in 1925, while world consumption for 1925 was several thousand tons larger, reducing considerably the stocks on hand. The proportion of the world's tin consumption taken by the U. S. has increased from around 50% in 1913 to the figure given above, or 70% in 1925. That the static or decreasing world production of tin, in striking contrast with the rapidly increasing production of most other metals, due to the growth of industrial civilization, has been the effect of natural scarcity is shown by the steady though irregular rise in tin prices from around 14c a pound in 1895 to 56c a pound in 1925, and the present figure of around 70c a pound, an increase of 400%. In the same period prices of other metals have shown an increase ranging from 200% for lead to 27% for copper with silver remaining practically unchanged.

24. Experiments with tinless cans. E. F. KOHMAN. Canner, p. 124; Trade, p. 61; Canning Age, p. 211, Convention numbers, 1927; Am. Grocer, p. 5, Feb. 9, 1927.-Dr. Kohman describes experiments made in the past year

Sanitation, Waste Disposal and Water Supply

5

with tinless cans made of ordinary steel sheets and coated with enamel. These cans were packed with corn, pumpkin and beets, and examination after a period of three or four months indicates that the iron taken up by the food in this time is not excessive. The contents of these cans are naturally devoid of tin. The corn enamel used to enamel the cans in which corn was packed has prevented discoloration in the tinless cans as efficiently as in tin cans. On the whole, results of this experimental work are most encouraging, although they present considerable manufacturing difficulties and problems from a can making standpoint which would have to be solved.

H. H. HOWRY

SANITATION, WASTE DISPOSAL AND WATER SUPPLY

25. Chemical characteristics of some trade wastes. A. M. BUSWELL, R. E. GREENFIELD and R. A. SHIVE. Ind. Eng. Chem. 18, p. 1082, Oct, 1926.—A discussion of certain trade wastes, including the waste from a pea cannery, showing the high oxygen consumption of these wastes. V. B. BONNEY

26. Industrial wastes treatment. T. C. SCHAETZLE and S. T. POWELL. Eng. Contr. 65, p. 319, 1926; through C. A. 21, 145.-A general discussion of the treatment of molasses slop, paper mill, rolling mill, creamery and cannery wastes that were polluting the Curtis Bay area adjacent to Baltimore.

27. Treatment of pea cannery waste in Wisconsin. C. M. BAKER and L. F. WARRICK. Canning Age, p. 912, Nov., 1926; Trade, p. 77, Feb. 14, 1927; p. 77, Convention number, 1927; Canner, p. 140, Convention number, 1927; Amer. Grocer, p. 6, Feb. 16, 1927.-The experimental plant of the Wisconsin Canners Assoc. at Poynette is described. Treatment consisted of precipitation with lime and ferrous sulfate. The precipitate was allowed to settle in tanks, the supernatant liquid flowing into the stream. The oxygen demand was reduced 75%. The sludge was removed daily to drying beds and was later used as fertilizer. Complete treatment plant for a two line cannery discharging wastes at a maximum rate of 100,000 gallons a day is estimated at $2,000 to $2,800, with a total daily cost of operation of $13 to $15.

28. Progress in Ohio in the disposal of industrial wastes. F. H. WARING. Canner, p. 19, Jan. 8, 1927; Trade, p. 20, Jan. 10, 1927.—A diagram of the experimental plant at the Sears and Nichols plant, Canal Winchester. It has been determined that a considerable quantity of clear water may easily be diverted from the main sewer and made available for diluting the treated wastes; also one variety of liquid waste has been found so concentrated that it made impracticable the proper and easy treatment of the major portion of the wastes. It has been found advisable to collect silo juice separately and haul it onto farm land for disposal by trenching. Four important conclusions are given as the result of the work: (1) fine screening of wastes easily removes the visible suspended matter, (2) tank treatment of the screened liquid is unnecessary and the effluent may be placed directly upon secondary or oxidizing filters at usual rates, (3) coarse trickling filters will produce an effluent which is entirely satisfactory for disposal into dry runs, (4) no sludge is produced other than the fresh fine screenings; that is one of the few wastes treatment processes without disagreeable and voluminous sludge products. L. F. PRATT

29. Effect of water supply on the quality of pack. L. F. WARRICK Canning Age, p. 343, Mar., 1927; Canner, p. 23, Mar. 19, 1927; Trade, p. 20, Mar. 21; p. 12, Mar. 28, 1927.-In canning both uniformity and succulence of products are improved by the use of soft water, and in addition, boiler troubles due to scaling are reduced to a minimum. This paper discusses the origin and nature of hardness in water, simple methods for its evaluation and the units commonly used in the expression of the results, softening processes suitable for canning purposes, and a review of available literature on the effects of hardness in the canning of vegetables. Softening is recommended for waters with a hardness of over 200 parts per million calculated as calcium carbonate for blanching and brining peas. It is also advantageous for ripe beans and beets, but not for string beans and corn. The quality of salt also has an effect on hardening a product and salts should not contain more than 0.25% calcium calculated as calcium carbonate. Carbonate hardness may be largely removed by preheating and settling, but if the hardness is non-carbonate it is necessary to resort to other methods. Water may be softened by (1) the zeolite process, (2) the lime-soda method. The former is best suited for general canning purposes, but where technical supervision of a chemist is available, the latter method can often be used to advantage. Both methods are described in detail. L. F. PRATT

FRUITS AND FRUIT PRODUCTS

(See also 1, 6, 10, 103, 106, 107, 118, 119, 121)

30. Examination of Canadian sprayed apples for arsenic. F. T. SHUTT. Analyst, 51, p. 291, 1926; through C. A. 21, 140.-Considerable alarm has prevailed in England concerning the arsenic content of fruit that has been sprayed. Some 43 specimens of Canadian fruit were carefully tested and about half of them found free from arsenic. About one-sixth of the apples contained a negligible amount of arsenic and one-third contained 0.0001 to 0.0053 of 1 grain per pound. With the heaviest amounts of arsenic it would require 1 dozen apples of average size to give the minimum medicinal doze of arsenic and 4 dozen apples to supply the maximum medicinal dose. The English fear seems to be unwarranted.

31. Packing canned apples superior to fresh. B. C. COONS. Canner, p. 19, Nov. 13, 1926.-It is the opinion of the author that the best apple pies are made from sliced apples, that quarters are too large to absorb the flavor of the sugar and spices and result in an after flat taste unless they are cooked to a point where they are mushy. It is impossible to get sugar and spices to blend with the apple after it has been heated high enough to drive the air from the cells. L. F. PRATT

32. Home and farm canning of English fruits. A. APPLEYARD and F. HIRST. Jour. Min. Agri. 33, 122; through Biological Abstracts, 1, 98.-Experiments are reported on time for processing fruits in different size cans and on strength of syrup to be used.

33. Handling sour cherries. MR. ULLSBERGER. Canner, p. 157; Trade, p. 86, Convention numbers, 1927.-The method of cold packing is briefly described.