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Erect fortifications;

(3) Authorize the manufacture of munitions or war material on its territory.

The former German Government rifle factory in Danzig had been managed by Danzig for the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, the temporary owners. In December, 1920, Danzig requested permission to manufacture 50,000 rifles for Peru. The Council decided that the League could not undertake the responsibility for increasing the stock of arms in the world. The Council later decided that all manufacture of arms, including sporting rifles, must cease immediately, and that the rifle factory must be closed down on July 30, 1921.

Poland and the Free City-The two Governments have been able to work out an understanding directly between themselves on most unsettled points. The Polish-Danzig agreement of October 24, 1921, contains 244 articles on many different questions, including naturalization in Danzig, extradition, postal arrangements, regulations for ships, stock exchange transactions, customs, fisheries, export and import trade and food supply for Danzig. Such differences, however, as could not be arranged directly between the two parties have been, in accordance with the treaties, referred to the High Commissioner of the League. Either or both parties could appeal to the Council, and this has been done in most cases. In fact, appeals have been made against 9 out of the 12 decisions of the High Commissioner rendered until May 1, 1922. As a rule the appeals against decisions have been withdrawn as a result of further negotiations either directly between the two parties, or through the good offices of the High Commissioner, or under the auspices of the Rapporteur to the Council. General Haking, therefore, suggested that the two parties should endeavor to reach an agreement between themselves before making an appeal. The Council agreed with this recommendation.

As to foreign relations the commissioner has decided:

1. That Poland, when called upon by Danzig to conduct any of the foreign relations of the Free City, has the right to refuse the application, if the matter involved is clearly to the detriment of the important interests of the Polish state.

2. That Poland has no right to initiate and impose upon Danzig a definite foreign policy which is clearly opposed to the well-being, prosperity and good government of the Free City. Moreover, it is apparent from the Polish statement of the case that she has no desire to do so.

XXI. MANDATES

Purpose System is to apply the principle that the well being and development of peoples in territories formerly controlled by Germany and who are "not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world" form a sacred trust of civilization. Tutelage assigned to advanced nations as mandatories on behalf of the League, which had nothing to do with the choice of the nations, which was made by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, by whom the territories in question were transferred by the treaty of peace. The Council, however, approves the terms of the mandate and receives an annual report from the mandatory.

MANDATES

"A" class: "Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory."-Covenant, Art. 22,

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"B" class: "Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defense of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.”— Covenant, Art. 22, par. 5.

1Owing to the establishment late in 1921 of the Arab national Government of Iraq under Prince Feisal, a treaty was signed on October 10, 1922, between the British and Iraq Governments which defines a relationship consonant with the principles of a draft mandate but more fully recognizing autonomy.

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"C" class: "There are territories, such as Southwest Africa and certain of the South Pacific islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population or their small size, or their remoteness from the centers of civilization, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population."-Covenant, Art. 22, par. 6 Terms Defined by Council

Territory

Southwest Africa

Mandatory

Union of South Africa
New Zealand

December 17, 1920

Samoa

December 17, 1920

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Mandates Commission-The constitution of the Permanent Mandates Commission was approved by the Council on December 1, 1920. It was decided that the commission should consist of nine members, the majority of whom would be nationals of nonmandatory powers. The following persons are serving on the Permanent Mandates Commission:

Conde DE BALLOBAR, Duque DE TER-
RANOVA (Spain);

M. BEAU (France);

Mme. Anna BUGGE-WICKSELL (Sweden);

M. Freire D'ANDRADE (Portugal);

Sir Frederick LUGARD (Great Britain);
Pierre ORTS (Belgium);

M. VAN REES (Holland);
Marquis A. THEODOLI (Italy);
Kunio YANAGHITA (Japan);
William E. RAPPARD, secretary.

Meetings-1. Geneva, October 4-8, 1921.

2. Geneva, August 1-11, 1922.

3. Geneva, July 20-August 10, 1923.

Action-Examines reports of Mandatories and advises Council on information to be obtained, special reports to be made and guaranties to be given by the Mandatories.

1The United States has negotiated a separate treaty with the Mandatory.

As to the national status of inhabitants of territories under B and C mandates, the commission has concluded:

1. It is important, in order that the principles laid down in Art. 22 of the Covenant may be respected and subject to the provisions in Resolution 3 below, that the native inhabitants of B and C mandated territories should be granted a national status wholly distinct from that of the nationals of the mandatory power.

2. A special law of the mandatory power should determine the status of these native inhabitants, who might be given a designation such as "administered persons under mandate" or "protected persons under mandate" of the mandatory power. 3. It is open to mandatory powers to which B and C mandated territories have been intrusted to make arrangements in conformity with their own laws for the individual and purely voluntary acquisition of their nationality by inhabitants of these territories.

XXII. PROTECTION OF MINORITIES

At the Peace Conference a certain number of special treaties relating to the protection of racial, linguistic or religious minorities were concluded with the new states and the states whose territory had been considerably increased as a result of the war. Clauses corresponding to those contained in these treaties were inserted in several of the treaties of peace.

All these treaties contain, apart from special provisions dealing with particular or local conditions, almost identical stipulations for establishing a general system of international protection for minorities applicable to all countries in which these stipulations are in force. The general object of these stipulations is to insure equal treatment in law and in fact for all the nationals of the state in question. Further, the treaties grant to minorities certain guaranties as to the maintenance of their language and the exercise of their religion, etc. These stipulations, in so far as they affect persons belonging to racial, religious or linguistic minorities, constitute obligations of international concern and will be placed under the guaranty of the League.

The following is a list of the minority treaties under the guaranty of the League:

1. Austria-Arts. 62 to 69 of the treaty of peace with Austria, signed at St. Germain-en-Laye, on September 10, 1919. Resolution of Council, October 22,

1920.

2. Bulgaria-Arts. 49 to 57 of the treaty of peace with Bulgaria, signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine on November 27, 1919. Resolution of Council, October 22, 1920. 8. Czechoslovakia-Treaty of September 10, 1919, between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Czechoslovakia. Resolution of Council, November 29, 1920.

4. Hungary-Arts. 54 to 60 of the treaty of peace with Hungary, signed at Trianon on June 4, 1920. Resolution of Council, August 30, 1921.

5. Poland-Treaty of June 28, 1919, between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Poland. Resolution of Council, February 13, 1920.

6. Rumania-Treaty of December 9, 1919, between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Rumania. Resolution of Council, August 30, 1921.

7. Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes-Treaty of September 10, 1919, between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Resolution of Council, November 29, 1920.

The provisions respecting minorities in Greece, Turkey, and Armenia contained in the treaties concluded at Sèvres on August

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