into the extent of the international traffic in women and children. Dr. Abraham Flexner, of New York, author of a book on "Prostitution in Europe", accepted an invitation to serve on this experts' committee, but later withdrew on account of his health and was succeeded by Col. William F. Snow of New York. Major Bascom Johnson, of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, Inc., of New York, has also been appointed assessor on this same committee. The Bureau of Social Hygiene has appropriated $75,000 toward the cost of this investigation.

26. Deportation of Women and Children in the Near East. In 1921, the Council set up a Commission of Enquiry to investigate the deportation of women and children in Turkey. This Committee was subsequently known as the Committee for the Protection of Women and Children in the Near East. Its reports were presented to the second, third and fourth Assemblies. On the nomination of the presidents of Robert College, Constantinople College and the American Mission at Constantinople, Miss Emma D. Cushman was named a member of this Committee.

27. Russian Refugees. Dr. Nansen of Norway has served for several years as the League's High Commissioner for Relief of Refugees. He set up a Committee in connection with the evacuation of the Russian Refugees in Constantinople, on which there were two Americans: Major C. Claflin Davis, of the American Red Cross and Mr. A. C. Ringland of the American Relief Administration. Both of these organizations coöperated with Dr. Nansen in various aspects of his work, as did also the Disaster Relief Committee set up by Admiral Mark L. Bristol, the American High Commissioner at Constantinople. Dr. Nansen's reports on his work on behalf of Russian refugees, in 1922 and 1923, speak in warm praise of the American coöperation.

28. Greek Refugees. In June, 1923, the Financial Committee of the League attempted to devise some plan for a loan for the relief of the Greek refugees who were impoverished by the Smyrna disaster and the events that followed it. It was assisted in its deliberations by Mr. Fred C. Dolbeare, of the American Delegation to the Lausanne Conference. The matter was later considered by the Council, with the assistance of Col. James A. Logan, unofficial representative of the United States on the Reparation Commission. In September, 1923, the Council decided to estab

lish a Refugees Settlement Commission to promote the establishment of Greek refugees in productive work in Greece. Mr. Henry Morgenthau of New York, formerly American Ambassador at Constantinople, was made President of this Commission by the Council, on the nomination of the Near East Relief, and has been engaged in the work since the fall of 1923. In April, 1924, Mr. Morgenthau appeared before the Council in connection with this work.

29. Emigration. In August, 1921, the International Emigration Committee set up by the Governing Body of the International Labor Office held its first meeting in Geneva. It had been announced that the United States would be represented by Mr. Rowland B. Mahany of the Department of Labor. Later, the International Labor Office was informed that Mr. Robert Tod, Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York, would represent the United States, but the announcement was afterward withdrawn. Representatives were present from several non-governmental organizations, including the Y.M.C.A., the Y.W.C.A., represented by Miss Ruth Crawford, and the National Catholic Welfare Council. The Commission was also supplied by the Government of the United States with a full answer to a questionnaire. In February, 1922, Mr. Fred C. Croxton, of Ohio, was named by the Commissioner-General of Immigration as an American expert on an advisory committee to assist the International Labor Office in its work on emigration. 30. Health. In no field has American coöperation been more extensive than in the field of international health work. Before the War, the United States was a party to the International Sanitary Conventions of 1903 and 1905, as well as to the Arrangement of 1907 for establishing the International Office of Public Health. This Office has not worked satisfactorily. When it was proposed in 1921 to transfer its functions to a new Health Organization to be set up by the League of Nations, the United States blocked the proposal. But again the formalities were transcended, and in 1923, a plan was agreed upon for close collaboration between the Office and the League's Health Organization. An International Health Conference met in April, 1920, at the request of the Council to draw up proposals for a permanent health organization under the League. Dr. Rupert Blue, for

merly Surgeon-General of the U. S. Public Health Service, and Dr. Richard P. Strong, Director of the League of Red Cross Societies, participated in this Conference. A Provisional Health Committee was set up by the Council in 1921. Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow, of the Yale Medical School, represented the League of Red Cross Societies on this Committee in its earlier stages. Dr. Hugh S. Cumming of Washington, Director of the U. S. Public Health Service, and Dr. Josephine Baker, of New York, became members of the Provisional Health Committee in 1922. Dr. Cumming had an important share in its work, serving on a special committee on the establishment of the Permanent Health Organization of the League, and on a sub-committee on inspection of vessels in ports.

In February, 1924, the Permanent Health Committee held its first meeting. Dr. Cumming was made a Vice-President, and Dr. Alice Hamilton, of Chicago, professor of industrial medicine at the Harvard Medical School, was nominated a member of the Committee. Dr. William H. Welch, of Baltimore, was named a member of a sub-committee on education in hygiene and social medicine. It is to be noted that Dr. Cumming acts on this committee in his official capacity, since he officially represents the United States on the International Office of Public Health which named him on the Permanent Health Committee. In 1922, the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation placed at the disposal of the Health Organization of the League, $32,840 a year for five years for the establishment of an epidemiological intelligence service, and $60,080 a year for three years for an international exchange of public health personnel. In 1923, further grants were made by the same Board, grants of $10,500 for 1923 and $21,000 for 1924, to be used to enlist the coöperation of health statisticians. As a consequence of these grants, the Epidemiological Reports of the Health Section are published weekly and monthly and are now widely distributed. Special reports are also published from time to time. Six interchanges of public health personnel have also taken place. Two American doctors took part in the second of these collective interchanges, which took place in England and Austria in the spring of 1923. Mr. Selskar M. Gunn, of the Rockefeller Foundation, took part in the final conference of the delegates in London

on April 10, 1923. Upon the invitation of the Public Health Service of the United States, the third collective interchange, which began in September 1923, took place in America. In the summer of 1923, specialists from various countries including the United States, studied the methods of fighting malaria in Italy. In September 1923, there was also an interchange of bacteriologists and laboratory assistants in which an American participated.

In January, 1923, the Provisional Health Committee and the Russian health authorities made an arrangement for a test as to the reliability of intestinal vaccination. The experiments were begun in May, 1923. Dr. Hans Zinsser, professor of Bacteriology and Immunology at the Harvard Medical School, spent some months in Russia assisting in this work as the epidemics commissioner of the Provisional Health Committee.

In 1923, a mission of enquiry in the Far East was undertaken by the Chief Commissioner of the Health Section; he was accompanied during a part of his trip by Dr. Howard F. Smith of Manila, who was designated for this purpose by the Public Health Service of the United States.

31. Conference on Sera and Serological Tests. In December 1921, the Health Organization of the League of Nations held a preliminary Conference in London on the Standardization of Sera and Serological Tests; the state Health and Serological Institutes of eleven countries were represented, among them the United States, represented by Surgeon-General Rupert Blue. A program of enquiry and research was drawn up, to be carried out by different laboratories, including the Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health Service, and centralized in the Copenhagen Serological Institute.

In September 1922, a meeting of a sub-committee on antitetanus and anti-diphtheria sera was held at Geneva, attended by representatives of the State epidemiological laboratories of Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States. Dr. George W. McCoy, director of the Hygienic Laboratory in Washington, was the American representative. In November 1922, a second general Conference was held at the Pasteur Institute in Paris to examine the results of the work on anti-pneumococcus and anti-dysentery sera as well as the sero-diagnosis of syphilis, and to adopt a further program of

research. At this conference also, there was an American representative, Dr. Wadsworth, representing the Rockefeller Institute. In November, 1923, there was a meeting at Copenhagen of representatives from the various State Serological Institutes that had been engaged in this work from the beginning. Dr. C. Armstrong and Dr. R. E. Dyer of the Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health Service, Washington, were participants in this conference.

32. Conference on Standardization of Biological Remedies. A Conference on Standardization of Biological Remedies was held at Edinburgh from July 19 to 21, 1923. The Provisional Health Committee of the League of Nations had invited prominent pharmacologists to attend. Prof. John J. Abel, of the Johns Hopkins University Medical School, and Dr. Carl Voegtlin of the Hygienic Laboratory in Washington, D.C., were present and participated in the work of the Conference.

33. Anthrax Committee. This Committee was set up by the Governing Body of the International Labor Office, in 1920, in pursuance of action taken at the Washington session of the International Labor Conference. In October, 1921, the United States officially appointed Dr. Marion Dorset, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture, to serve as a member of the committee in an "unofficial and consultative" capacity. 34. Industrial Hygiene. An Advisory Committee on Industrial Hygiene was set up by the Governing Body of the International Labor Office in 1921, its members to serve the Office as expert advisers. Dr. Alice Hamilton, of the Harvard Medical School, is a member of this committee.

35. Mandates. The United States took no part in the work of the Council of the League of Nations in drawing up the mandates under which various Powers are to administer the territories transferred by Germany at the end of the war. On February 21, 1921, Secretary Bainbridge Colby sent a protest to the Council against its approval of the Japanese mandates for islands in the north Pacific ocean. The Council thereupon invited the United States to send representatives to participate in a consideration of the subject, but this invitation was not answered. After the mandates were issued, the United States entered into treaties with certain of the Mandatory Powers recognizing certain man