of Washington, served as one of the experts who planned the work of this committee. Dr. Meeker had previously served as a member of a committee invited by the Council in 1920 to report on possible plans for the organization of international statistics. 14. Registration of Treaties. The Government of the United States has not sent any treaties to the Secretary-General of the League for registration. But many American treaties have been registered and published in the League of Nations Treaty Series, at the request of the governments of other states that are parties. For instance, Germany though not a member of the League registered the Treaty of August 25, 1921, with the United States. The treaties of the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments were promptly registered by other Powers.

15. International Hydrographic Bureau. The United States Government participates in the work of this Bureau, and contributes to its support. In October, 1921, the Bureau was placed under the direction of the League of Nations under Article 24 of the Covenant. Vice-Admiral Albert P. Niblack, U. S. N., retired, is a member of the directing committee of this Bureau.

16. Traffic in Arms. The Arms Traffic Convention drawn up at St. Germain in 1919 was signed but never ratified by the United States. Many other Powers conditioned their acceptance on favorable action by the United States, so that the American refusal to ratify has practically killed this Convention. In February, 1924, the Temporary Mixed Commission on Reduction of Armaments met in Geneva to plan for a new convention on the subject. The United States was officially represented at this meeting by Mr. Joseph C. Grew, then American Minister to Switzerland, who was assisted by Captain Alan Winslow of the American Legation at Berne. Mr. Grew also attended the later Conference on the subject, which began in Paris on March 24, 1924.

17. Chemical Warfare. In February, 1923, the Temporary Mixed Commission on Reduction of Armaments invited experts in various countries, particularly countries having an advanced chemical industry, to collect information concerning the use of asphyxiating gas in war and its effects. Dr. William H. Welch, Director of the School of Hygiene and Public Health of Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Walter B. Cannon, Professor of Physiology at the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. J. E. Zanetti, of the

National Research Council, collaborated in this work. Their reports deal with the future possibilities as well as the present status of chemical and bacteriological warfare.

18. Transit and Communications. The first Conference on Transit and Communications met at Barcelona, in 1921, without any American participation. But at the second Conference in Geneva in November, 1923, the United States was officially represented by an observer, Mr. Lewis W. Haskell, American consul at Geneva. Mr. Basil Miles also attended this Conference as assistant delegate of the International Chamber of Commerce, of which he was American Administrative Commissioner.

19. Calendar Reform. The Advisory Committee on Communications and Transit has undertaken a study of various proposals for the reform of the Calendar, and has set up a sub-committee on the subject, of which Mr. Willis H. Booth, of New York, President of the International Chamber of Commerce, is a member. The Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America has recently requested representation in this work.

20. Customs Formalities. The United States was officially represented at the Conference on Customs Formalities in Geneva, in October, 1923, by an observer, Mr. Lewis W. Haskell, American consul at Geneva. Mr. Haskell was accompanied by the following experts: Mr. Henry Chalmers, of Washington, Chief of the division of foreign tariffs of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce; Mr. Gilbert Hirsch, of the U. S. Tariff Commission; Mr. C. B. Wait, Customs Attaché at London; and Mr. H. I. Worley, of the U. S. Customs Service. Three Americans also represented the International Chamber of Commerce: Mr. Edgar Carolan, Vice-President of the International General Electric Company, and Mr. Edward L. Bacher and Mr. Everit B. Terhune of the United States Chamber of Commerce.

21. Obscene Publications. The United States is a party to a treaty of May 4, 1910, relating to the repression of the circulation of obscene publications. A Conference on Obscene Publications was held in Geneva, under the auspices of the League of Nations, in September, 1923, to supplement this treaty with a new Convention. The United States was officially represented by Mr. Alexander R. Magruder, of the American Legation at Berne, who acted in a "consultative capacity." The United States

has not yet signed the new treaty. Mr. Manley O. Hudson was legal adviser to the Conference.

22. Intellectual Coöperation. The Council of the League of Nations organized a Committee on Intellectual Coöperation in 1922. Prof. George Ellery Hale, of California, Director of the Mount Wilson Observatory, accepted an invitation to membership, and at the first meeting he was assisted by Prof. Robert A. Millikan, of the California Technological Institute, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1923. Mr. Millikan later succeeded Mr. Hale as a member of the Committee. At the meeting of the Committee in 1923, Col. John H. Wigmore, of Chicago, Dean of the Law School of Northwestern University, attended as Mr. Millikan's substitute, being assisted by Prof. Paul Perigord, of Los Angeles. Mr. Millikan was replaced at the third session of the Committee, in December, 1923, by Dr. Waldo G. Leland, of the Historical Department of the Carnegie Institution, who was assisted by Dr. Algernon Coleman, professor of French language and literature in the University of Chicago and Director of the American University Union in Europe. Dr. Coleman was also appointed a member of the Directing Board of the International University Information Office, established by the Committee at Geneva. Prof. Allyn A. Young, of Harvard University, has collaborated with the Committee, by making a study of the present state of economic science in the United States in its international bearings. Prof. J. R. Schramm, of Cornell University, is a member of a sub-committee on bibliography. Miss Florence Wilson, of New York, is a member of a preparatory committee arranging for an international Conference on bibliography.

23. Conference on Legal Aid. In 1923, the National Association of Legal Aid Societies sent to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, through Col. John H. Wigmore of Chicago, a request that the Council of the League call an international conference of agencies furnishing legal aid to the poor in various countries. The Norwegian Government placed the question before the Fourth Assembly of the League which decided that the question should be placed on the agenda of the Fifth Assembly in 1924, and directed the Secretary-General to prepare a report. Experts are now at work on this report, among them Mr. Reginald

Heber Smith of the Boston bar, Secretary of the American National Committee on Legal Aid Work which is providing certain special funds for a conference to be held in Geneva in July.

24. Traffic in Opium and Dangerous Drugs. The United States has played a leading rôle in past efforts to control and restrict the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs. So that in spite of the reservations drawn in the United States Senate in November, 1919, and March, 1920, which would have precluded any action with the League on opium, it was inevitable that America should have some part in the work of the League of Nations in this field.

In 1920, the Netherlands Government requested the League to relieve it of its administrative duties under the Opium Convention of 1912, to which the United States is a party. All the signatories consented to this, including Germany, which is not a member of the League, except the United States. Though the American reply opposed the transfer of functions, an arrangement was made by which the League Secretariat performed the duty of collecting information and conducting the necessary correspondence, but with the proviso that all communications to or from the United States should pass through the Netherlands Government. The United States has received questionnaires and sent its replies through the intermediary of the Dutch Government, while all other parties to the 1912 Convention have corresponded directly with the League.

A permanent advisory committee was set up by the League in 1921, and the United States was invited to appoint a representative, but the invitation was not accepted. Mrs. Hamilton Wright, of Washington, became assessor to the Committee and she has attended every meeting it has held. A new invitation was extended to the American Government in 1922, and in January, 1923, Dr. Rupert Blue, formerly Surgeon-General, was sent to the fourth session of the Committee in an "unofficial and consultative capacity." In May, 1923, the Department of State sent a strong delegation to attend the fifth session of the Committee in an "advisory capacity", consisting of Mr. Stephen G. Porter, chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, Bishop Charles H. Brent, of Buffalo, and Dr. Rupert Blue, with Mr. Edwin L. Neville of the Depart

ment of State as adviser. Mrs. John J. Moorhead, of New York, was in Geneva during this session of the Committee, representing the Foreign Policy Association of New York and other American organizations.

In September, 1923, by special invitation the American delegation returned to Geneva to consult with a committee of the Fourth Assembly in its consideration of the report of the Opium Committee, and the Assembly adopted the "American program” which had been presented by Mr. Porter in June. In December, 1923, Mr. Neville was named by the Department of State on the preparatory committee to arrange the program for the Opium Conferences to be held in November, 1924, and he attended the first meetings of this committee held in Geneva in March and in Paris in April, 1924. A bill is now before Congress appropriating $40,000 for American representation at these Conferences.

Beginning with the Senate reservations which asserted that opium was a domestic concern of the United States which would not be submitted to any action of the League "or any agency thereof", passing through the period when Secretary Hughes was insisting legalistically that the United States could only deal with the Netherlands Government, we have at last arrived at a stage where the United States is coöperating with the League's work in this field in a frank and open manner, though without adequate status.

25. Traffic in Women. The Council of the League summoned an international Conference in Geneva, in July, 1921, and a new treaty was later signed to supplement the treaties of 1904 and 1910 relating to the white slave traffic. Following this Conference, a Permanent Advisory Committee on Traffic in Women and Children was set up and the United States was invited to appoint a member. In March, 1923, the Department of State designated Miss Grace Abbott, Director of the Children's Bureau, to attend a meeting of the Committee in an "advisory and consultative capacity." In her official report to the Secretary of Labor for 1923, Miss Abbott gives an account of the meeting, setting out the resolutions adopted, and emphasizing the value of international coöperation in this field.

In July, 1923, at the suggestion of this Committee, a number of experts were invited by the Council to conduct an enquiry