lost in the Department of State in Washington and did not reach its destination until August, 1921, when the American group refused to make a nomination on the ground of lack of power; but in the by-election in 1923, these same Americans acting under the same authority nominated the successful candidate, Judge Pessoa of Brazil.

On February 24, 1923, President Harding asked the Senate's advice and consent for the United States to become a party to the protocol of signature of the Permanent Court of International Justice, on conditions and understandings formulated by Secretary Hughes in his letter of February 17, 1923. This proposal was approved by President Coolidge, in his annual message of December 6, 1923, and commended to the Senate's "favorable consideration." Public hearings were held by a sub-committee of the Committee on Foreign Relations on April 30 and May 1, 1924.

Although the Senate has not yet given its advice and consent, the United States has found it necessary, in renewing various arbitration treaties, to agree that if the Senate does eventually act favorably, the United States will consider a modification of the arbitration treaties, providing for the reference of disputes to the Permanent Court of International Justice. This agreement has now been made with the following countries:

3. Secretariat of the League. Ever since its organization in the summer of 1919, the Secretariat of the League has included Americans among its members. Like all other members of the Secretariat, these Americans act in their individual capacities and do not represent their government. They are part of an international civil service, serving the common interests of the fifty-four peoples that maintain the League.

Mr. Raymond B. Fosdick, of New Jersey, became UnderSecretary General in the provisional Secretariat organized in 1919, and served in that capacity until February, 1920. He was

assisted during this period by Mr. Whitney H. Shepardson, of New York.

Mr. George Louis Beer, of New York, who had done very notable work at the Peace Conference as the American expert on African questions, joined the Secretariat as director of the Mandates Section, in which Prof. Louis H. Gray, of the University of Nebraska, was appointed to assist him. But Mr. Beer's death prevented his assuming active charge of the Mandates Section, and his mantle fell on a Swiss who had formerly been professor of Economics at Harvard, Mr. William E. Rappard.

Mr. Arthur Sweetser, of Washington, D.C., who had been assistant director of the Press Bureau of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, in Paris, joined the Secretariat in 1919, as assistant director of the Information Section. For five years, his services in that capacity have been invaluable to the League. In 1919, Mr. Manley O. Hudson, of Missouri, who also had been associated with the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, in Paris, became a member of the Legal Section of the Secretariat, serving until 1921 and during the summers of 1922 and 1923.

In 1919, Mr. Huntington Gilchrist, of Auburn, New York, who had been a captain in the A.E.F., became a member of the Administrative Commissions Section in which he has since had charge of matters relating to the Saar and Danzig. Mr. Howard Huston, of North Dakota, who had been a captain on General Pershing's staff, became establishment officer, in 1919, and still acts in that capacity. Miss Florence Wilson, of New York, who had been librarian in Paris for the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, became the librarian who has since organized the League's library. She has been assisted by Miss Alice C. Bartlett and Miss Helen R. Keller, of New York, and Miss Ruth Bache-Wiig, of Maine.

Miss Sarah Wambaugh, of Cambridge, Mass., was a temporary member of the Administrative Commissions section in 1920. Mr. John Raeburn Green, of St. Louis, was for one year a temporary member of the Legal Section. Mr. Edgar Sydenstricker, of the United States Public Health Service, Dr. Otto Eichel, of the New York State Health Service, Mr. Thomas J. Duffield, of New Jersey, and Miss Dorothy Wiehl hold temporary appoint

ments in the Health Section of the Secretariat. Americans serving with the Secretariat in other capacities have been Mr. Milo J. Gibbs, of Chicago, and Miss R. Elwood, of Minneapolis.

4. International Labor Conference. The first session of the International Labor Conference was held in Washington, in 1919. The organizing Committee which planned it included Mr. Samuel M. Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor, Prof. James T. Shotwell of Columbia University, and Dr. John B. Andrews, Secretary of the American Association for Labor Legislation. The Conference was summoned to meet in Washington by President Wilson, and a member of his cabinet, Mr. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, presided over the session. Mr. Gompers participated in the Conference as a spokesman for American labor but not as an official delegate. Mr. Ernest H. Greenwood, of Washington, was deputy SecretaryGeneral of the Conference, Mr. Manley O. Hudson, legal adviser, and Mr. Arthur Sweetser, director of the press bureau. Mr. Hudson was also a member of the Drafting Committee.

Several Americans served, also, as secretaries of the committees of the Conference: Dr. John B. Andrews, of New York, as secretary of the Committee on unhealthy processes; and Miss Grace Abbott, of Chicago, as secretary of the committee on employment of children.

There has been no official representation of the United States at the four sessions of the Labor Conference since 1919, though at one time it was reported that the United States Chamber of Commerce was to send an employers' delegate and the American Federation of Labor a workers' delegate. Mr. Andrew Furuseth, of San Francisco, president of the International Seamen's Union of America, attended the second session in Genoa in 1920, and Mr. Manley O. Hudson was there as legal adviser.

5. International Labor Office. From 1920 to 1923, Dr. Royal Meeker, of Washington, formerly Commissioner of Labor Statistics, was the chief of the Scientific Division of the International Labor Office. Mr. Ernest H. Greenwood, of Washington, became American Correspondent of the Office in 1920, and continued in that capacity until 1924, when he was succeeded by Mr. Leifur Magnusson, who had formerly been in the office in Geneva as a chief of section. Mr. William A. DuPuy, of Washington, Mr.

C. I. Crissey, of Michigan, Mr. Horace A. Davis, of Boston, and Prof. Herbert Feis, of the University of Kansas, have also been connected with the Office in Geneva. In 1923, Miss Dorothy M. Sells, formerly special agent of the U. S. Department of Labor, prepared a special report for the Office on the British Trade Boards system. Other Americans will be enumerated who have served on Commissions set up by the International Labor Office. 6. Aaland Islands Dispute. When the dispute between Sweden and Finland with reference to the Aaland Islands came before the Council of the League in 1920, the Government of the United States was asked to designate an American who might serve on the Committee of Rapporteurs to devise a settlement. Mr. Abram I. Elkus, formerly judge of the New York Court of Appeals and formerly Ambassador to Turkey, was designated and accepted the Council's invitation. The final report of this committee was presented to the Council in June, 1921, and the dispute was settled in accordance with its recommendations.

7. Upper Silesia. In 1921, when the Council undertook to recommend a boundary line between Germany and Poland in Upper Silesia, Mr. David Hunter Miller, of New York, acted as counsel for Germany and presented a brief on the German position with reference to the application of certain provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

8. Memel Dispute. In December, 1923, Mr. Norman H. Davis, of New York, formerly Under-Secretary of State, was invited by the Council to act as President of a commission to report on a possible solution of the Memel question. Mr. Davis was assisted by Mr. Arthur Bullard, of New York, one of the editors of Our World. In March, 1924, the Council voted to approve the conclusions of Mr. Davis' report, and this action now seems to have led to a genuine settlement of the problem.

9. Brussels Financial Conference. In 1920, the Government of the United States was represented at the International Financial Conference in Brussels, held under the auspices of the League. Mr. Roland W. Boyden, of Boston, unofficial American representative on the Reparations Commission, was the American delegate, but he acted "unofficially". He was assisted by Mr. Keith McLeod and Colonel R. H. Hess, as advisers, and by Mr. Thomas Shaw, as secretary.

10. Financial Reconstruction of Austria. Various plans have been devised for the relief of Austria. The Ter Meulen Bond Scheme, devised by the Council on lines planned by the Brussels Financial Conference, necessitated a waiver by various governments of their claims on Austria. Throughout 1921, such action was urged on the United States. It was finally taken on April 6, 1922, by a joint resolution of Congress authorizing an extension, for a period not to exceed twenty-five years, of the time of payment of Austria's debt incurred for the purchase of flour and releasing Austria's assets pledged for the payment of this debt, provided similar action should be taken by other creditor nations.

Late in 1922, a different plan for Austria's relief was adopted by the Council of the League. It called for a guaranteed loan to Austria of about $125,000,000, of which $25,000,000 was subscribed in New York, although the United States was not one of the guaranteeing states. On July 20, 1923, the Council appointed as one of the trustees of the loan, Mr. N. J. Jay, director of the American Morgan Harjes bank in Paris. Mr. Roland W. Boyden declined an invitation to become the League's High Commissioner in Austria.

11. Financial Reconstruction of Hungary. Early in 1924, a plan was approved by the Council for extending aid to Hungary. Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Jr., a prominent financial lawyer of Boston, was appointed High Commissioner for the League of Nations in Hungary after Mr. W. P. G. Harding, Governor of the Federal Reserve Board, had declined the appointment.

12. Financial Committee. Soon after the Brussels Financial Conference, the Council of the League set up a Financial Committee. Under the guidance of this Committee, an investigation has been made of the question of double taxation in its international aspects. Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman, of Columbia University, served as a member of a committee of experts on this question, and collaborated in the report presented to the Council in March, 1923.

13. Economic Committee. Carrying out a resolution of the Genoa Conference of 1922, the Economic Committee of the League of Nations, acting with the International Labor Office and the International Institute of Statistics, set up a committee to study economic statistical questions. Dr. Royal Meeker,