On Feb. 5 and 7, 1980, at Washington and Caracas, the United States and Venezuela signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Earth Resources and Geological Phenomena.

TIAS 10650; entered into force, July 22, 1983.

On Aug. 11, 1980, the United States and Venezuela signed an Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation in Health, at Caracas.

TIAS 10651; entered into force, July 22, 1983.

On May 26, 1969, the Governments of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru signed an Agreement Establishing the Andean Subregional Group (Subregional Integration Agreement) at Bogota, Colombia, the purposes of which were "to promote the balanced, harmonious development of the Member Countries, to accelerate their growth through economic integration to facilitate their participation in the process of integration provided for in the Treaty of Montevideo [Treaty Establishing a Free Trade Area and Instituting the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), signed Feb. 18, 1960] and to establish conditions favorable for converting LAFTA into a common market, all for the purpose of bringing about a permanent improvement in the standard of living of the people living in the subregion." On Feb. 27, 1968, the five Governments and the Government of Venezuela had signed at Bogota an Agreement Establishing the Andean Development Corporation. For the texts, see Int'l Leg. Mat., Vol. III (1969), pp. 910, 937.

Venezuela acceded to the Cartagena Agreement, effective Jan. 1, 1974, and Chile denounced it, effective Oct. 30, 1976. Organization of American States, General Secretariat, Inter-American Treaties and Conventions, Treaty Series No. 9 (rev. 1985), p. 360.

The Commission is the supreme organ of the Agreement of Cartagena (Andean Pact) and is composed of one representative from each Member Government. Representatives of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela signed the 1979 Memorandum of Understanding on Science and Technology Cooperation, ante, for the Commission.

See, also, Whiteman, Digest of International Law, Vol. 14 (1970), pp. 1190-1193. -D.A.C.

United States-Yugoslavia

On April 2, 1980, the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia signed a further five-year Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation at Belgrade (TIAS 9769; 32 UST 1300; entered into force, June 24, 1980), superseding an earlier agreement of May 18, 1973, that had been extended by an exchange of notes on June 30, 1978 (TIAS 7914; 25 UST 2368; TIAS 9273; 30 UST 1655).

Under the 1980 Agreement the two Governments would continue to encourage research organizations in their respective countries to cooperate in scientific and technological projects of mutual interest and advantage, in such fields as agriculture, health, medicine, energy, natural resources, environment, natural sciences, engineering, and technology.

To this end the Governments would continue to utilize a Joint Fund in dinars, established by the 1973 Agreement, to finance previously agreed projects and, to the extent moneys are available to the Joint Fund, additional cooperative projects of mutual interest and advan

tage. The two Governments agreed, further, to seek other means of financing their cooperative projects, including the conclusion of agreements under which organizations of each country would share in support of the cooperative projects. Each Government agreed to contribute up to a total of seven million dollars to the Joint Fund, with the United States contribution being deposited in annual increments over the five-year period and the Yugoslav contribution being deposited in annual increments as appropriated by the responsible Yugoslav bodies.

The Joint Fund would continue to be managed by the four-person Yugoslav-U.S.Joint Board on Scientific and Technological Cooperation established by the 1973 Agreement. The Joint Board, which meets annually and as required, approves new projects for joint funding, authorizes disbursement of monies and making of grants and advances from the Joint Fund, manages Fund deposits, and seeks new possibilities for developing and financing cooperative projects. The Joint Board acts by unanimous vote.

Africa: General

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In September 1980, Dr. Frank Press, the President's Science Adviser and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy within the Executive Office of the President, led a high-level delegation to four developing countries of Africa-Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Senegal. In each country the visit culminated in the signing of an agreement, or a memorandum of understanding, for establishing the framework for ongoing scientific and technological cooperation with the United States. A number of other documents covering specific projects were also signed.

Prior to the visit of Dr. Press, scientific interaction between the United States and these countries was largely confined to multilateral fora, to the endeavors of private institutions and individual scientists, and to AID programs in selected areas. The Press visit brought United States scientific agencies into direct contact with their counterparts in these countries and laid the basis for more direct collaboration on a professional basis of mutual benefit to the Third World and the United States.

See, Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy, 1981: Second Annual Report Submitted to the Congress by the President Pursuant to Section 503(b) of Title V of Public Law 95-426; House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. (Comm. Print 1981).

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United States-Kenya

During the Press visit to Nairobi, September 25-29, 1980, possible joint projects were identified which would mesh with and supplement ongoing AID and multilateral organization projects. In implementation of AID projects, a United States-Kenya Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Scientific and Technological Cooperation was signed on September 29, 1980, under which the United States agreed to make available an amount not to exceed $500,000 for cooperation in specific scientific and technical fields, subject to the availability of funds and the mutual consent of the parties. The funds to be made available could be used to finance cooperation in such fields as technical staff training, industrial research, and/or commodities for technical training facilities in Kenya.

Department of State Files, L/T.

United States-Nigeria

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On September 22, 1980, the Governments of the United States of America and of the Federal Republic of Nigeria signed a five-year Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation (TIAS 9865; 32 UST 2634; entered into force, September 22, 1980). Its objectives were to strengthen the Parties' scientific and technological capabilities and to broaden and expand relations with regard to their scientific and technological activities.

Cooperation under the Agreement might include the exchange of scientific and technological information, joint conduct of research projects, exchange and training of scientists and technical experts, convening of seminars and meetings, and other forms of scientific and technological cooperation as might be agreed. The Parties would encourage and facilitate contacts and cooperation between government agencies, universities, research centers, institutions, firms, and other entities. They would also conclude specific implementing arrangements that might cover subjects of cooperation, procedures, treatment of intellectual property, and funding.

The Parties agreed to facilitate the entry into and exit from their territories of persons engaged in activities under the Agreement and their dependents, including duty-free entry on a temporary basis of personal effects. Scientific and technological information resulting from cooperation under the Agreement, not subject to confidentiality because of its industrial or commercial significance, would be made available to the world scientific community through agreed procedures.

The United States Department of State and the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology were the designated Executive

Agents of the respective Parties for coordinating and facilitating cooperative activities under the Agreement.

United States-Senegal

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The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Senegal signed a five-year Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation on September 30, 1980, at Dakar (TIAS 10441; entered into force, August 17, 1982).

The Agreement established the framework for collaboration between the two governments in all mutually agreed scientific and technical fields, in particular: (1) exchange of experts, specialists, advisers, scholars, and trainees; (2) organization of courses and seminars on problems of common interest; (3) cooperation in fields of study and design of scientific and technical development programs; (4) cooperation between organizations specializing in science and technology; and (5) participation in scientific and technical research projects.

The Agreement provided for duty-free import of scientific and technical equipment, material or products, and for each government to facilitate the entry into and exit from its territory of scientific and technical personnel engaged in cooperative activities, as well as their families and property. The parties also agreed to promote the exchange of information and scientific documents between their specialized institutions. Information derived from activities under the Agreement may be made available, unless otherwise agreed, to the world scientific community. Upon mutual consent of both parties, scientists, technical experts, and entities of third countries or international organizations might be invited to participate in Agreement projects and programs.

The Agreement provided for the Mission of the United States Agency for International Development in Senegal and the Senegal Secretariat of State for Science and Technology (attached to the Prime Minister's office) to coordinate and promote implementation of Agreement projects (using resources available under the United States AID program).

United States-Zimbabwe

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The Press visit to Zimbabwe, September 23-25, 1980, marked the beginning of a dialogue between the United States and Zimbabwe on scientific and technological cooperation. It demonstrated the interest of the United States in assisting Zimbabwe in its development through cooperation in science and technology, particularly through

contacts and joint activities between their respective science and technology communities.

The visit culminated in the signing of an Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation on September 25, 1980, under which the United States Agency for International Development (AID) would provide $750,000 to fund travel for exchange of visits by scientific and technological personnel, purchase of publications and scientific equipment, short-term training, and expert meetings in high priority science and technology areas.

The United States Department of State and the Zimbabwe Ministry of Economic Planning and Development would be responsible for coordinating activities under the Agreement.

TIAS 9967; 32 UST 4543; entered into force, Sept. 25, 1980.

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Educational and Cultural Affairs

Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Cultural Property In notes dated June 23 and July 9, 1980, the Embassy of Peru requested the Department of State's assistance in obtaining information from a named art gallery in New York about a large number of colonial paintings and sculptures of Peruvian origin that had been auctioned on May 9, 1980. The Embassy expressed concern that many items might have been illegally exported from Peru, and presented conclusions from the National Cultural Institute of Peru that two paintings had been stolen from a church in Puno. With a view to facilitating identification and return of any illegally exported items, the Embassy asked the United States Government to seek a court order requiring the gallery to disclose the names of the sellers of the items and their dates of purchase and certification for export from Peru, as well as an injunction blocking completion of the items' sale by auction until their legal status was established. The Embassy indicated its willingness to indemnify good faith purchasers of any items found to have been illegally exported from Peru.

Department officers informed the Embassy's Deputy Chief of Mission that in the absence of a treaty, the Department of Justice, the federal department responsible for undertaking litigation, could not initiate legal action on behalf of the Government of Peru, which would need to retain private counsel in the United States for that purpose. A Department of State lawyer nevertheless discussed the problems raised by the Embassy's notes with a lawyer for the gallery, and the Department thereafter advised the Embassy of Peru on September 26, 1980, as follows: