has been made in curbing high population growth rates. The Conference produced a noteworthy "Colombo Declaration," which called, inter alia, for increasing international funding for population activities to $1 billion by 1984, and for strengthening the role of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. The Declaration also stressed that the integration of population and development should be considered as a key issue in the United Nations International Development Strategy.

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E. UN International Development Strategy (IDS)

First steps toward this new IDS for the UN's Third Decade of Development were taken by a Preparatory Committee, created by the General Assembly, which met three times during 1979 with only limited progress on substantive content. . .

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III. Population Assistance of Other Donors

A. Other Donor Countries

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B. The United Nations Fund for Population Activities and the UN System Over the last ten years, UNFPA has become the largest multilateral source of population assistance. Through 1979, 93 national donors have contributed nearly $600 million to UNFPA, including $204 million from the U.S. UNFPA is rated highly among UN agencies for flexible and innovative management, tight control of administrative overhead, and identification of priority areas through its "Needs Assessment" country studies.

The scope of UNFPA's programs is very broad. It has underwritten population projects in over 100 countries. It is the largest donor to the Population Council's research activities, a donor to WHO's biomedical research, and provides funding for population-related programs of WHO, ILO, FAO, UNICEF, and other UN bodies. In the past, the United States has been the leader in the establishment and support of UNFPA. From the U.S. standpoint, the UNFPA plays a critical role. It can operate in countries where political sensitivity inhibits bilateral assistance; in fact, it has activities in 85 countries where there are no bilateral U.S. programs. UNFPA has also laid the groundwork in several countries for other types of external assistance, for example, by promoting demographic surveys to reveal the extent of a population problem. Finally, U.S.contributions through UNFPA achieve an important "multiplier effect" by attracting other donors; UNFPA aggressively seeks financing from other countries, including the Arab League and OPEC.

Looking ahead to the 1980's, the International Conference of Parliamentarians has, as mentioned earlier, called for a strengthening of UNFPA's role and functions. The UNFPA even now can only meet approximately two-thirds of requests for assistance and has a substantial shelf of yet-unfinanced project proposals. Carriedover unallocated resources will be fully depleted this year. Promising program initiatives with China, India, in sub-Saharan Africa, in the Middle East, and in Central America and the Caribbean indicate there is potential for a significant expansion of UNFPA activities in the years ahead; the Fund currently projects a program of $213 million by 1981. . .

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IV. U.S. Government Population Activities

B. Commissions and Studies

Global 2000 Study

The State Department and the Council on Environmental Quality are completing work on a major effort, commissioned by the President, to examine probable changes in the world's population, resources, and environment to the end of the century. It is hoped the study will serve as a foundation of longer-term U.S. Government planning. The report analyzes the increasing pressures expected on global,

regional, and national resources and the environment, as population levels and economic demand increase over the next two decades. The study's major conclusions are disturbing, indicating that growing environmental, resource, and population problems are becoming increasingly critical factors in international relations.

C. The Congress

The role of the U.S. Congress is obviously critical for U.S. international population policy. During 1978, the House of Representatives Select Committee on Population conducted extensive hearings and produced a series of valuable reports and recommendations. In early 1979, however, the House voted against reconstituting the Committee, presumably out of a desire to reduce the number of such temporary, single-issue bodies.

Nevertheless, throughout the year, many Members of Congress continued to pay attention to population matters. A three-man Congressional delegation attended the International Conference of Parliamentarians at Colombo . . . and were instrumental in planning a Parliamentary Workshop held in Washington in January 1980 as a further step to maintaining interest and involvement of parliamentarians worldwide in population issues..

In August 1979, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began an oversight study of U.S. population programs, including . . . a review of bilateral programs over the past three years in nine Asian and African countries. . . . The Committee now intends to hold hearings on population in 1980 [ante].

In early 1980, the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade, held hearings on U.S. international population policy for the first time in recent memory.

On balance, we welcome evidences of interest by Congress and scrutiny of U.S. policies and programs. We believe that only by an enlightened discussion of the available data can the urgency and the complexity of the population problem be appreciated.

D. National Institutes of Health: Contraceptive Research

With regard to U.S. international population policy, a particularly important contribution is made by the program of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Center for Population Research, to the development of better, safer, more acceptable means of fertility regulation. With a budget of nearly $70 million in 1979, this program provided support for basic biomedical research in reproductive sciences, for development of new and improved methods for fertility regulation, and for evaluation of safety and effectiveness of contraceptive methods. Through close collaboration with research efforts of other national and international organizations, the Center makes an important contribution to the search for the improved contraceptive technology needed by family planning programs worldwide.

E. Department of State

In addition to the responsibility, shared with operating agencies of the U.S. Government, for defining and developing U.S. international population policy, the Department of State assumes primary responsibility for diplomatic initiatives in support of our international population programs and objectives. These activities include ... bilateral diplomatic contacts with foreign governments and multilateral organizations, and U.S. positions at international conferences.

Bilateral communications with foreign governments included exchanges on population issues between President Carter, Secretary Vance, and foreign heads of state and ministers, as well as diplomatic contacts involving U.S. Ambassadors and senior Department officials. These contacts generally focus on increasing the awareness of national leaders of the necessity for effective action programs. . . . Bilateral contacts on population were also initiated with the Chinese Government, in the context of the Agreement for Cooperation in Science and Technology. The State Department maintains regular contact on population issues and programs with policy levels of UNFPA [United Nations Fund for Population Activities], WHO [World Health Organization], FAO [Food and Agricultural Organiza

tion], and other multilateral and private organizations. During 1979, the Department also consulted with religious leaders on global population issues, including the World Council of Churches, a conference of Islamic leaders in Dacca, and Catholic lay groups and Church officials.

Among efforts to increase public awareness of population issues was the Department's publication in late 1978 of a study entitled World Population: Silent Explosion. During 1979, at the suggestion of a number of U.S. Embassies, Silent Explosion was translated into French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and is being used by our overseas missions to reach a still wider audience.

The Status and Role of Women

The Third Annual Report of this Group addressed particular attention to the fundamental issue of the status of women and their participation in the development process. Access of women to education, health care, food and nutrition and incomeearning opportunities was noted as crucial to both the quality of socio-economic development and to lowering of traditionally high fertility levels. . .

F. IDCA [International Development Cooperation Agency] and AID [Agency for International Development]

The primary emphasis of AID's population assistance program continues to be to encourage the practice of voluntary family planning in the developing world. Thus, the AID program concentrates on:

-making safe, effective, affordable, and acceptable family planning services. readily available to all couples, by supplying contraceptive and related commodities and improving family planning delivery systems; -improving family planning methods through research;

-training of doctors and paramedical personnel;

-strengthening public and private leaders' commitment to family planning programs;

-designing programs which improve family income, child health, and employment opportunites for women, so that smaller families become a more attractive option.

Dept. of State, U.S. International Population Policy, Fourth Annual Report of the NSC Ad Hoc Group on Population Policy (Apr. 1980), Dept. of State File No. P84 0080-1575, pp. i-ii, 16-22, 27-34.

The Independent Commission on International Development Issues (known as the Brandt Commission, after its chairman, the former Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Willy Brandt) came into being on Sept. 28, 1977, when, following a number of private consultations and discussions with interested parties, Mr. Brandt announced at a press conference in New York that he was ready to launch and chair the Commission. The creation of such a Commission under Mr. Brandt's chairmanship had been suggested by Robert S. McNamara, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), in a speech at Boston early in

1977.

The Commission's task was to "study the grave global issues arising from the economic and social disparities of the world community and to suggest ways of promoting adequate solutions to the problems involved in development and in attacking absolute poverty." North-South: A Program for Survival; Report of the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. (March 1980), p. 296.

On April 7, 1980, President Carter signed Executive Order 12205, "Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Iran." The order forbade certain financial, as well as trade, transactions, and embodied in large measure the operative paragraphs of the draft resolution the United States had proposed in the U.N. Security Council regarding exports to Iran (U.N. Doc. S/13735, January 10, 1980), which the Soviet Union vetoed on January 13, 1980. (See the 1979 Digest, pp. 608-611.)

The text of Executive Order 12205 read:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and statutes of the United States, including Section 203 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702), Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, and Section 301 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1631), in order to take steps additional to those set forth in Executive Order No. 12170 of November 14, 1979, to deal with the threat to the national security, foreign policy and economy of the United States referred to in that Order, and in furtherance of the objectives of United Nations Security Council Resolution 461 (1979) adopted on December 31, 1979, it is hereby ordered as follows:

1-101. The following are prohibited effective immediately, notwithstanding any contracts entered into or licenses granted before the date of this Order:

(a) The sale, supply or other transfer, by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, of any items, commodities or products, except food, medicine and supplies intended strictly for medical purposes, and donations of clothing intended to be used to relieve human suffering, from the United States, or from any foreign country, whether or not originating in the United States, either to or destined for Iran, an Iranian governmental entity in Iran, any other person or body in Iran or any other person or body for the purposes of any enterprise carried on in Iran.

(b) The shipment by vessel, aircraft, railway or other land transport of United States registration or owned by or under charter to any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States or the carriage (whether or not in bond) by land transport facilities across the United States of any of the items, commodities and products covered by paragraph (a) of this section which are consigned to or destined for Iran, an Iranian governmental entity or any person or body in Iran, or to any enterprise carried on in Iran.

(c) The shipment from the United States of any of the items, products and commodities covered by paragraph (a) of this section on vessels or aircraft registered in Iran.

(d) The following acts, when committed by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States in connection with any

transaction involving Iran, an Iranian governmental entity, an enterprise controlled by Iran or an Iranian governmental entity, or any person in Iran:

(i) Making available any new credits or loans;

(ii) Making available any new deposit facilities or allowing substantial increases in non-dollar deposits which exist as of the date of this Order;

(iii) Allowing more favorable terms of payment than are customarily used in international commercial transactions; or (iv) Failing to act in a businesslike manner in exercising any rights when payments due on existing credits or loans are not made in a timely manner.

(e) The engaging by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States in any service contract in support of an industrial project in Iran, except any such contract entered into prior to the date of this Order or concerned with medical care.

(f) The engaging by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States in any transaction which evades or avoids, or has the purpose or effect of evading or avoiding, any of the prohibitions set forth in this section.

1-102. The prohibitions in section 1-101 above shall not apply to transactions by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States which is a non-banking association, corporation, or other organization organized and doing business under the laws of any foreign country.

1-103. The Secretary of the Treasury is delegated, and authorized to exercise, all functions vested in the President by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to carry out the purposes of this Order. The Secretary may redelegate any of these functions to other officers and agencies of the Federal government.

1-104. The Secretary of the Treasury shall ensure that actions taken pursuant to this Order and Executive Order No. 12170 are accounted for as required by Section 401 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1641).

1-105. This Order is effective immediately. In accord with Section 401 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1641) and Section 204 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1703), it shall be immediately transmitted to the Congress and published in the Federal Register.

3 CFR, 1980 Comp. (1981), pp. 248-249.

The President's message to the Congress regarding his exercise of the authority granted under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (Public Law 95-223, December 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, 50 U.S.C. 1701-1706) summarized the provisions of Executive Order 12205 and stated:

Pursuant to Section 204(b) of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. 1703, I hereby report to the Congress that I have today exercised the authority granted by this Act to