Acid rain, 899-900
Act of state doctrine
Algiers Declarations (Accords) (1981),
arbitral awards, enforcement of foreign
LIAMCO case, 565-577
"Bernstein letter", 561 counterclaims, 577-578
agency or instrumentality of foreign governments, 559-565 Department of State position, 562-563 property expropriations, 527, 559- 565, 577-578
"treaty exception", 577-578 foreign nationalization LIAMCO case, 565-577 Kal-Spice case, 577-578
Administrative Procedure Act (1946), 215 Adoptions
customary Tongan law, 140-141 Afghanistan
Afghan refugees in Pakistan, assist- ance for, 780-781
chemical weapons, reported Soviet use of, 1026-1027, 1032-1034 Persian Gulf, 996-998, 1046-1055 Soviet invasion, 29-33, 96
U.S. responses, 29-31, 398-399, 601- 602, 884-886, 927-932, 1008, 1025
Africa agreements on scientific and techno- logical cooperation in developing countries of, 922
Agency for International Development population assistance programs, 886, 889, 893
Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celes- tial Bodies (Moon Treaty) (1979). See Moon Treaty.
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act ("P.L. 480") (1954), 509-511
Air quality. See air pollution under En- vironmental affairs.
Airline Deregulation Act (1978), 669 Alaska
Alaska National Interest Lands Con- servation Act (1980)
Stikine-LeConte wilderness, 911-913 Alaskan-Canadian border, rivers trav- ersing, 912-913
convention of cession (1867), 912-913 Alexandria Sanitary Bureau, 50, 54, 56, 59-60, 62
Algeria, Government of the Democratic and Popular Republic of
Declarations (Algiers Accords). See Algiers Declarations (Accords), separate title, post.
judicial assistance
mutual cooperation agreement for investigating activities of Inter- national Systems and Controls Corporation and International Telephone & Telegraph Com- pany (1980), 502-503; Inforex in- cluded (1980), 503
U.S. Government claim, Villa Musta- pha Rais, 297-298
Algiers Declarations (Accords), (1981), 321, 392-394, 424-425, 527-528, 726- 743, 791-793, 795-804, 946, 956, 958, 965-970, 976, 988-989 authorization to Deputy Secretary Christopher, 733
Basic (first) Declaration, 527, 726-733 property of former Shah and of close relatives, 731-732, 791-793 Claims Settlement Agreement, Iran- United States Claims Tribunal (Second Declaration), 527, 732-733, 965-970, 976, 988-989 Executive Orders, implementing (Nos. 12276-12284), 733-737. See also separate entries under Executive Orders, post.
Atty. Gen. opinion, 737-742 President's authority, 424-425, 737, 743, 795-802, 968-989
statements of agreement and adher- ence by United States and Iran, 392-394, 733, 967
Alien Tort Statute (1789), 10-11, 13-14, 252-264
preference status, subsequently acquired, 170-171 withholding, possible persecution as grounds for, 208-211 deportation, suspension of extreme hardship, U.S. citizen or resident alien relatives, 151-152, 166-170
labor certification, lack of, 171-173 legislative veto, unconstitutionality of, 163-166
persecutors, exception, 170 employment, government
Federal citizenship preference reg- ulation, 158-159
municipal citizenship preference regulations, 161-162
"entry" into United States, 150-151 equal protection, 159, 161
access to courts, 500
Convention between the American Republics Regarding the Status of Aliens in Their Respective Territories (1928), 179 Iranians in the U.S., 152-158 Shabani v. Simmons (1980, 1981), 153-158
undocumented aliens, 178-179 excludability
avoidance of U.S. military service, 112-113
criminal offenses, 151-152 government employment appropriations act, prohibitions in, 159-161
illegal. See under undocumented, post. Iranian nationals, visa and related
regulations applicable to, 133-136 obligations of state to accept return of nationals, 192-195
agreement with Cuba for return of
certain Cubans (1984), 192-193 protection, standards of, 317-319. See also State responsibility for injury to aliens.
totalization agreements, 162-163 treaty military exemptions, 112-113 undocumented
civil rights acts, applicability, 178-179
education, children's, 175-178, 415- 417
equal protection of laws, 175-178 interdiction on high seas, 216-217 Amateur Sports Act (1978), 930-932 American Convention on Human Rights ("Pact of San José") (1969), 243-247, 255, 258, 272
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1948), 243, 245, 258 American Institute in Taiwan agreements concluded with Coordina- tion Council for North American Affairs (1980), 410-412
privileges, exemptions, and immunities (1980), 386-390
relations with Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA), 41, 43, 384-386 American Samoa
delimitation of maritime boundary with Cook Islands, 435-438, 443-445 with Tokelau, 437-438, 443-447 local government development, 84-85 oil, gas, and minerals ín submerged lands, 84
renewable energy resources, develop- ment of, 868-869
sail-assisted technology, 884 technical assistance, 781-782 Andean Pact (1969), 921 Angola
"Clark amendment", 39 diplomatic relations, 36-39
limitations on assistance to and activ- ities in, 39
"Tunney amendment", 39
Antarctic Treaty (1959), 447-449, 629, 631-633, 638-639, 641
Marine Living Resources, Convention
on the Conservation of Antarctic (1980), 628-641
Antarctic Treaty, links, 629, 631- 633, 638-639
decisionmaking, 631, 634, 637 ecosystem approach, 629-630, 636 European Community, participation by, 629, 632, 634, 639
interim measures, 629, 632
maritime jurisdiction, claims to, 630- 631, 636-637
territorial sovereignty, claims to, 630-631, 636-637 Antidumping Act (1916)
U.S.-Japan treaty of friendship, com- merce, and navigation (1953), 764-766
Anti-Smuggling Act (1935), 477 Antitrust laws
extraterritorial application, 299-301 foreign states as amici curiae, 299-301 Apartheid, 238, 241-242 Aqaba, Gulf of, 623-625
Arab-Israeli conflict. See also Middle East.
Israeli settlements in occupied terri- tories, illegality of, 27-28, 1009- 1013
Jerusalem, status of, 26, 103-108 West Bank and Gaza negotiations, 26-29 Arab territories, Israeli-occupied settlements, illegality of Israeli, 27-28, 1009-1013
West Bank and Gaza negotiations, 26-29 Arbitration
arbitral awards, enforcement of foreign Ipitrade case, 543
Arbitration-Continued
LIAMCO case, 511-524, 565-577 choice-of-forum clauses, enforceability, 573 claims against the United States, agreements to arbitrate claims already decided by U.S. Supreme Court, 977 Iran-United States Claims Tribunal,
President's authority to establish by executive agreement, 970-989 Convention on the Recognition and En- forcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. See United Nations Con- vention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, post.
FCN treaty dispute settlement provi- sions, 971-975
general arbitration treaties, 974-975 Hague Convention for the Pacific Settle-
ment of Disputes (1907), 975 Hay treaties, 974-975 International Centre for the Settlement
of Investment Disputes (ICSID) consent to jurisdiction not a waiver
of sovereign immunity, 524-525 international commercial UNCITRAL conciliation rules (1980), 1083-1088 investment disputes
arbitrability, 566, 568-570, 574-575 Kal-Spice case, 577-578 LIAMCO case, 565-577
OECD Declaration on International
Investment and Multinational Enterprises (1976, 1979), 575 Overseas Private Investment Corpo- ration statute, 573 Trade Act (1974), 573
U.N.G.A. Res. 1803 (XVII) (1962), 575
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, 965-970
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 975 submission to Senate, question of, 971, 975, 978-983
Executive branch criteria, 971, 983- 987 UNCITRAL rules (1976), 966, 969 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958), 512, 515, 517-524, 543, 565-577, 1081-1082
"double exequatur", rejection of, 520-521, 523
enforceability against foreign state, 575-576
enforceability in third countries, 515-516
public policy exception to enforce- ment of foreign penal provisions, 1081-1082
Coast Guard, U.S. See separate title. enlistment of Northern Mariana citi- zens, 101-102
Navy, U.S. See separate title. Arms control and disarmament biological weapons, and reported pul- monary anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk, U.S.S.R., 1026, 1046 chemical weapons, reported use in Afghanistan and Indochina, 1026- 1027, 1032-1036
SALT II Treaty. See separate title. U.S. commitment to arms control pro- cess, 1025
Arms Control and Disarmament Act (1961)
section 33 and treatymaking process signature of arms control treaties, obligations arising from, 403-405 Arms coproduction. See under Military assistance and sales.
Arms embargo, South Africa, 1024 Arms Export Control Act (1968, 1976), 735, 818, 1059
Arms transfer policy. See under Military assistance and sales.
Asylum. See also Refugees. burden of proof, 214
constitutional right to petition for, 213 grant discretionary, 213 Cuban-Haitian arrivals, 194
Declaration on Territorial Asylum (1967), 262
diplomatic, U.S. policy, 197-204 "safehaven" for persons attacked out-
side U.S. Interests Section, Havana, 189, 199-203
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). See separate title.
Haiti, illegal migrants, 194, 211-217.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, complaint before, 243-252
interdiction, U.S.-Haiti agreement
on cooperation in (1981), 216-217 involuntary (forced) repatriation, pre- vention of
Polovchak case, 206-208 Vlasova case, 144 Iranian nationals, 135
minor applicant (Polovchak case), 205- 208
persecution by terrorist organization, possible, 208-211
procedures, U.S. 182-184
U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) and Protocol (1967), 206, 209
Atomic energy. See Nuclear energy. Atomic Energy Act (1954), as amended, 818-825, 844, 851, 852-861, 863
nationality, loss of; interpretation of Afroyim v. Rusk (1969), 119
Bonn Declaration (1978), 268-269 Airline Deregulation Act (1978), 669 bilateral agreements
U.S.-Belgium (1946, 1972, 1977, 1978, 1980), 654-655 U.S.-Chile (1948), 655-656 U.S.-China, People's Republic of (1980, 1982), 656-659 U.S.-Denmark (1944), as amended; consultations, 665
U.S.-Finland (1949, 1980), 659-660 U.S.-Germany, Federal Republic of, (1955, 1968, 1978), 661 U.S.-Ireland (1945), 661-662 U.S.-Japan (1952, 1980, 1982, 1985), 662-663
U.S.-Jordan (1974, 1977, 1979), 664;
U.S.-New Zealand (1964, 1980), 664-665
U.S.-Norway (1945), as amended; consultations, 665 U.S.-Scandinavia, 665-666
U.S.-Sweden (1944), as amended; consultations, 665-666
U.S.-U.K. agreement concerning air services (1977, 1980), 666
Bonn Declaration against international terrorism and air piracy (1978), 268-269
charter operations, 669-671 Convention for the Suppression of Un- lawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Sabotage) (Mon- treal Convention) (1971), 265-266 Convention for the Suppression of Un- lawful Seizure of Aircraft (Hijack- ing) (Hague Convention) (1970), 265-266
Convention on International Civil Avi- ation (Chicago, 1944), 649, 653 Protocol of Amendment (adding
Russian to languages of authen- tic Convention texts), 653-654 Protocol on the Authentic Quadri-
lingual Text (1977), 653-654 Protocol Relating to an Amendment
(leased, chartered, or inter- changed aircraft) (1980), 653-654 damages for wrongful death
foreign law limitation applied, 1065- 1066
Federal Aviation Act (1958), 669 foreign airline's failure to comply with U.S. aviation laws and regulations, 655-656
Guatemala City Protocol (1971). See under Warsaw Convention, post. Hague Protocol (1955). See under Warsaw Convention, post. International Air Transport Associa- tion, 1066
International Air Transportation Com- petition Act (1980), 660-661, 668- 669
Warsaw Convention; see post. Montreal Agreement (1966). See under Warsaw Convention post.
Montreal Protocols 3 and 4 (1975). See under Warsaw Convention, post. research and development
U.S.-France cooperation agreement (1980), 666-667 Warsaw Convention (1929), as amended, 667-668, 1065-1066 Guatemala City Protocol (1971), 1065-1066
Hague Protocol (1955), 1065-1066 Montreal Agreement (1966), 1066 Montreal Protocols 3 and 4 (1975), 653-654, 1065-1066
U.S. denunciation and withdrawal of same, 1066
Declaration on Berlin (1955), 449-452 extension of international agreements to Western Sectors, 447-452 Quadripartite Agreement (1971), 447- 449, 452
Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 503 Biological weapons. See also Gas warfare. Convention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Bio- logical) and Toxic Weapons and on Their Destruction (1972), 1031 Geneva Gas Protocol, 1028 Japan, alleged use in Mongolia and China (1939-1942), 1030 Soviet Union, reported disease out- break at Sverdlovsk, 1026, 1046
international military education and training, 1064
Boundary waters
United States-Canada
boundary waters treaty (Root-Bryce Treaty) (1909), 644-645
Great Lakes water quality, 642-643 United States-Mexico
border sanitation problems, 645-648 Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilder- ness Act (1978), 644-645
Boundary Waters Treaty, U.S.-Canada (1909), 644-645, 913
Brandt Commission, 888, 893 Brazil
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights investigation (1972-1973), 244-245, 251
Bretton Woods Agreements Act (1945), as amended, 72
amendments (1980), 44, 754-760
assistance to private sector, sense of Congress regarding, 779
Palestine Liberation Organization, 110,756
Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro- organisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedures (1977), 408-410 Bulgaria
accommodation, reciprocity in Embassy, 295
agreement on exchanges and cooper- ation in cultural, scientific, edu- cational, technological, and other fields (1977, 1980, 1984), 934-935 program of cultural, educational, scien- tific, and technological exchanges, 1981-1982 (1980, 1982, 1984), 934- 935
Great Lakes; see post.
Stikine River, 912-913
Congressional Medal for former Canadian Ambassasor at Tehran, 340-341
Great Lakes
dioxin, 642-643
maritime boundaries with U.S., 596 migratory birds, convention for pro- tection of (1916); protocol (1979), 901-904
penal sentences, treaty with U.S. on execution of (prisoner transfer treaty) (1977), 464-465, 469 social security, agreement on (1981, 1983), 163
tracer experiment concerning air pol- lution, memorandum of under- standing for cooperation in (1983), 900
transfrontier pollution
air pollution, memorandum of intent (1980), 899-900 Poplar River cooperative monitoring arrangement (1980), 643-644 Treaty of Washington (1971) Alaskan-Canadian border, rivers traversing, 912
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 438,
Cartagena, Agreement of (1969), 921 Children
adoptions under Tongan customary law, 140-141
asylum, applicant for political, 205-208 child custody determinations, full faith and credit requirement, 285 custody disputes, conventions on European Convention on Recognition
and Enforcement of Decisions Concerning Custody of Children and on Restoration of Custody of Children (1980), 1080 Hague Convention Concerning the Powers of Authorities and the
Law Applicable in Respect of the Protection of Minors (1961), 1081
Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (1980), 285, 1076-1081 Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), 262
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict (1974), 262 education. See separate title. foreign child support judgments, 499- 502 legitimation requirements for visa preference status, 136-139 Missing Children Act (1982), 1080 Missing Children's Assistance Act (1984), 1080
Parental Kidnaping Prevention Act (1980), 285, 1077, 1080
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